Abstract: Disclosed is a driving assistance apparatus which includes an object information obtaining section for obtaining a piece of information regarding an object present ahead of a vehicle, an operation amount obtaining section for obtaining an accelerator pedal operation amount, and a control section. The control section predicts whether or not the vehicle will collide with the object on the basis of the obtained object information and executes collision avoidance assistance control for decelerating the vehicle at a predetermined demanded deceleration rate in the case where the control section predicts that the vehicle will collide with the object and an execution condition becomes satisfied as a result of the obtained accelerator pedal operation amount having become equal to or greater than a predetermined operation amount. The control section sets the demanded deceleration rate on the basis of the distance and the relative speed obtained when the execution condition becomes satisfied.

Abstract: There is provided a lens array and an lens array capable of suitably preventing irregular brightness without reducing resolution. A micro lens array of a screen includes upper-level microlenses and lower-level microlenses which are formed on the incidence surface of the screen, which have the same effective diameter, and which have a structure that generates an optical path length difference ? in transmission light. By disposing the upper-level microlenses and the lower-level microlenses at an interval based on the effective diameter, the basic periodic structure of a lens period is formed. Further, the upper-level microlenses and the lower-level microlenses form a basic block comprising a combination of the lenses having a structure that generates the optical path length difference. A concave-and-convex period PC based on the basic block is an integer multiple of the lens period.

Abstract: There is provided a lens array and an lens array capable of suitably preventing irregular brightness without reducing resolution. A micro lens array of a screen includes upper-level microlenses and lower-level microlenses which are formed on the incidence surface of the screen, which have the same effective diameter, and which have a structure that generates an optical path length difference ? in transmission light. By disposing the upper-level microlenses and the lower-level microlenses at an interval based on the effective diameter, the basic periodic structure of a lens period is formed. Further, the upper-level microlenses and the lower-level microlenses form a basic block comprising a combination of the lenses having a structure that generates the optical path length difference. A concave-and-convex period PC based on the basic block is an integer multiple of the lens period.

Abstract: There is provided a lens array and an lens array capable of suitably preventing irregular brightness without reducing resolution. A microlens array 20 of a screen 2 includes upper-level microlenses 21H and lower-level microlenses 21L which are formed on the incidence surface of the screen 2, which have the same effective diameter, and which have a structure that generates an optical path length difference ? in transmission light. By disposing the upper-level microlenses 21H and the lower-level microlenses 21L at an interval based on the effective diameter, the basic periodic structure of a lens period PL is formed. Further, the upper-level microlenses 21H and the lower-level microlenses 21L form a basic block comprising a combination of the lenses having a structure that generates the optical path length difference. A concave-and-convex period PC based on the basic block is an integer multiple of the lens period PL.

Abstract: There is provided a lens array and an lens array capable of suitably preventing irregular brightness without reducing resolution. A micro lens array of a screen includes upper-level microlenses and lower-level microlenses which are formed on the incidence surface of the screen, which have the same effective diameter, and which have a structure that generates an optical path length difference ? in transmission light. By disposing the upper-level microlenses and the lower-level microlenses at an interval based on the effective diameter, the basic periodic structure of a lens period is formed. Further, the upper-level microlenses and the lower-level microlenses form a basic block comprising a combination of the lenses having a structure that generates the optical path length difference. A concave-and-convex period PC based on the basic block is an integer multiple of the lens period.

Abstract: There is provided a lens array and an lens array capable of suitably preventing irregular brightness without reducing resolution. A micro lens array of a screen includes upper-level microlenses and lower-level microlenses which are formed on the incidence surface of the screen, which have the same effective diameter, and which have a structure that generates an optical path length difference ? in transmission light. By disposing the upper-level microlenses and the lower-level microlenses at an interval based on the effective diameter, the basic periodic structure of a lens period is formed. Further, the upper-level microlenses and the lower-level microlenses form a basic block comprising a combination of the lenses having a structure that generates the optical path length difference. A concave-and-convex period PC based on the basic block is an integer multiple of the lens period.

Abstract: In an electronic control unit, an important process includes several instructions that are successively executed and contain no branch instruction. Each of the instructions is stored in each of storage areas of memory according to an execution sequence. The storage areas are respectively assigned addresses that vary in increments of a specified value according to the execution sequence. The important process stores, in an expected value counter, a value of a program counter when control transitions to the important process. If a comparison result indicates a difference between the value of the program counter and a value of the expected value counter, an occurrence of an error is determined.

Abstract: There is provided a lens array and an lens array capable of suitably preventing irregular brightness without reducing resolution. A microlens array 20 of a screen 2 includes upper-level microlenses 21H and lower-level microlenses 21L which are formed on the incidence surface of the screen 2, which have the same effective diameter, and which have a structure that generates an optical path length difference ? in transmission light. By disposing the upper-level microlenses 21H and the lower-level microlenses 21L at an interval based on the effective diameter, the basic periodic structure of a lens period PL is formed. Further, the upper-level microlenses 21H and the lower-level microlenses 21L form a basic block comprising a combination of the lenses having a structure that generates the optical path length difference. A concave-and-convex period PC based on the basic block is an integer multiple of the lens period PL.

Abstract: In an electronic control unit, an important process includes several instructions that are successively executed and contain no branch instruction. Each of the instructions is stored in each of storage areas of memory according to an execution sequence. The storage areas are respectively assigned addresses that vary in increments of a specified value according to the execution sequence. The important process stores, in an expected value counter, a value of a program counter when control transitions to the important process. If a comparison result indicates a difference between the value of the program counter and a value of the expected value counter, an occurrence of an error is determined.

Abstract: A pickup device includes an irradiation optical system including an object lens for focusing light flux on a track of a recording surface of an optical recording media having a plurality of recording layers stacked while a spacer layer is interposed between the recording layers to form a spot and a detection optical system including an photo detector having a plurality of light receiving parts for receiving returning light reflected from the spot through the object lens to perform photoelectric conversion. The pickup device controls a position of the object leans according to an electrical signal calculated from outputs of the light receiving parts.

Abstract: A galvanization system comprising an alkaline galvanization bath, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode is provided. The alkaline galvanization bath comprises galvanizing solution including about 7 to about 60 g/l of Zn, about 70 to about 200 g/l of alkali hydroxide and about 0.01 to about 5 g/l of additives. The positive electrode is insoluble in the galvanizing solution, having an opposed surface to an object which is supposed to be set in the alkaline galvanization bath and galvanized. The opposed surface of the positive electrode is formed in a rectangular pattern having a side equal to or less than 30 mm or in a circular pattern having a diameter equal to or less than 30 mm. The galvanization system can produce a galvanization membrane of excellent appearance.

Abstract: A galvanization system comprising an alkaline galvanization bath, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode is provided. The alkaline galvanization bath comprises galvanizing solution including about 7 to about 60 g/l of Zn, about 70 to about 200 g/l of alkali hydroxide and about 0.01 to about 5 g/l of additives. The positive electrode is insoluble in the galvanizing solution, having an opposed surface to an object which is supposed to be set in the alkaline galvanization bath and galvanized. The opposed surface of the positive electrode is formed in a polygonal pattern having a side equal to or less than 30 mm, which connects arbitrary two apexes of the pattern, in a polygonal pattern having a vertical line equal to or less than 30 mm, drawn between an arbitrary apex and an arbitrary side of the pattern, or in a circular pattern having a diameter equal to or less than 30 mm. The galvanization system can produce a galvanization membrane of excellent appearance.

Abstract: An optical element (10) includes a spherical aberration correction hologram (14) and a color aberration correction hologram (15). For a first laser light requiring the greatest valid diameter, no affect is given to the wave front in either of the aberration correction holograms. However, for a second laser light requiring the second greatest valid diameter, the valid diameter is narrowed down by the spherical aberration correction hologram (14). For a third laser light requiring the smallest valid diameter, the valid diameter is narrowed down to a predetermined amount by the diffusion light coming and the spherical aberration correction hologram (14) and further the valid diameter is narrowed down by the selective diffraction of the light flux incident in the annular area B of the color aberration correction hologram (15) and its diffusion.

Abstract: A pickup device includes an irradiation optical system including an object lens for focusing light flux on a track of a recording surface of an optical recording media having a plurality of recording layers stacked while a spacer layer is interposed between the recording layers to form a spot and a detection optical system including an photo detector having a plurality of light receiving parts for receiving returning light reflected from the spot through the object lens to perform photoelectric conversion. The pickup device controls a position of the object leans according to an electrical signal calculated from outputs of the light receiving parts.

Abstract: An optical pickup has a light source for emitting a plurality of laser beams with different wavelengths; and an objective lens for focusing the laser beams emitted from the light source on recording surfaces of plural types of information recording media. A diffractive lens structure is provided in a light path of the laser beam, the structure including ring zone areas divided by a plurality of phase steps for correcting a wavefront aberration of the laser beam, a diameter of an outermost phase step of the diffractive lens structure is smaller than a second largest effective diameter of effective diameters required for reproduction of the plural types of information recording media.

Abstract: The hologram (20) for spherical aberration correction is formed in optical element (10). With respect to the first laser light which requires the largest effective diameter, the hologram does not have effect on wavefront. With respect to the second laser light which requires the second largest effective diameter, the spherical aberration is corrected by the holograms (21, 22) which are formed in a concentric and zonal pattern and construct the hologram, and the effective diameter is converged. With respect to the third laser light which requires the smallest effective diameter, only the hologram (22) has the effect of the correction for the spherical aberration.

Abstract: The hologram (20) for spherical aberration correction is formed in optical element (10). With respect to the first laser light which requires the largest effective diameter, the hologram does not have effect on wavefront. With respect to the second laser light which requires the second largest effective diameter, the spherical aberration is corrected by the holograms (21, 22) which are formed in a concentric and zonal pattern and construct the hologram, and the effective diameter is converged. With respect to the third laser light which requires the smallest effective diameter, only the hologram (22) has the effect of the correction for the spherical aberration.

Abstract: An optical element (10) includes a spherical aberration correction hologram (14) and a color aberration correction hologram (15). For a first laser light requiring the greatest valid diameter, no affect is given to the wave front in either of the aberration correction holograms. However, for a second laser light requiring the second greatest valid diameter, the valid diameter is narrowed down by the spherical aberration correction hologram (14). For a third laser light requiring the smallest valid diameter, the valid diameter is narrowed down to a predetermined amount by the diffusion light coming and the spherical aberration correction hologram (14) and further the valid diameter is narrowed down by the selective diffraction of the light flux incident in the annular area B of the color aberration correction hologram (15) and its diffusion.

Abstract: An objective lens module includes a light-converging lens that is coaxially disposed with respect to an optical axis of first laser light having a first wavelength, and a transmission-type diffractive optical element that is coaxially disposed to cause diffracted light of first laser light to be incident on the light-converging lens. The diffractive optical element has an incident surface and an emergent surface, and first, second, and third regions that are provided on at least of the incident surface and the emergent surface in the vicinity of the optical axis, and are sequentially defined according to different radius distances from the optical axis to have different diffraction gratings of different diffraction angles, respectively.

Abstract: An objective lens module includes a light-converging lens that is coaxially disposed with respect to an optical axis of first laser light having a first wavelength, and a transmission-type diffractive optical element that is coaxially disposed to cause diffracted light of first laser light to be incident on the light-converging lens. The diffractive optical element has an incident surface and an emergent surface, and first, second, and third regions that are provided on at least of the incident surface and the emergent surface inthe vicinity of the optical axis, and are sequentially defined according to different radius distances from the optical axis to have different diffraction gratings of different diffraction angles, respectively.