Abstract: There is provided a composition for electrochromic devices which clearly present only two states, a white-colored state and a decolored state. The composition for electrochromic devices contains (A) a specific quaternary ammonium salt, (B) a supporting electrolyte containing bromide ion, and (C) a solvent containing water as an essential component, and (A) is soluble in (C).

Abstract: A novel nanosized or microsized material having electroconductivity that can be produced simply and in a large amount is provided. A method for producing a poly(N-alkylcarbazole) columnar structure having electroconductivity obtained by chemically polymerizing N-alkylcarbazole including alkyl having 1 to 4 carbons by adding an oxidizing agent to a solution obtained by dissolving the N-alkylcarbazole in a solvent is provided.

Abstract: There is provided a composition for electrochromic devices which clearly present only two states, a white-colored state and a decolored state. The composition for electrochromic devices contains (A) a specific quaternary ammonium salt, (B) a supporting electrolyte containing bromide ion, and (C) a solvent containing water as an essential component, and (A) is soluble in (C).

Abstract: A poly(N-alkylcarbazole) columnar structure having electroconductivity is provided. The poly(N-alkylcarbazole) columnar structure having electroconductivity may be produced by electrolytically polymerizing an N-alkylcarbazole in a particular solvent.

Abstract: A method for producing a transparent electroconductive material, the method comprising a step of contacting poly(N-alkylcarbazole) with a metal, said poly(N-alkylcarbazole) is obtained by polymerizing at least one kind of N-alkylcarbazole represented by the following general formula, wherein n represents an integer of 1 or more, and at least one hydrogen in the alkyl may be replaced by at least one group selected from hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfo and amino.

Abstract: Disclosed is a modified electroconductive polymer material, which comprises a metal filled in a space between the chains of an electroconductive polymer. The metal is oxidized (partially formed as a hydroxide) through a chemical reaction between three substances consisting of the metal, a cation radical/dication, and absorbed water. The metal has a work function less than that of the electroconductive polymer. The contact between the metal and the electroconductive polymer is kept in the state of coexistence between three substances consisting of the metal, the cation radical/dication and the absorbed water. This allows an electroconductive polymer material to have enhanced durability against oxidation/reduction, and controlled conductivity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a modified electroconductive polymer material, which comprises a metal filled in a space between the chains of an electroconductive polymer. The metal is oxidized (partially formed as a hydroxide) through a chemical reaction between three substances consisting of the metal, a cation radical/dication, and absorbed water. The metal has a work function less than that of the electroconductive polymer. The contact between the metal and the electroconductive polymer is kept in the state of coexistence between three substances consisting of the metal, the cation radical/dication and the absorbed water. This allows an electroconductive polymer material to have enhanced durability against oxidation/reduction, and controlled conductivity.

Abstract: Disclosed is a modified electroconductive polymer material, which comprises a metal filled in a space between the chains of an electroconductive polymer. The metal is oxidized (partially formed as a hydroxide) through a chemical reaction between three substances consisting of the metal, a cation radical/dication, and absorbed water. The metal has a work function less than that of the electroconductive polymer. The contact between the metal and the electroconductive polymer is kept in the state of coexistence between three substances consisting of the metal, the cation radical/dication and the absorbed water. This allows an electroconductive polymer material to have enhanced durability against oxidation/reduction, and controlled conductivity.

Abstract: A multi-layered azobenzene polymer thin film layer (8) is formed on a substrate (1). Holograms are recorded on each of the azobenzene polymer thin films (1, 2, 3, 4, . . . ) of the azobenzene polymer layer (8) after forming two-dimensional surface reliefs by photoisomerization. To read the recorded information, infrared rays are irradiated from a laser source (9) through the selected azobenzene polymer thin films of the azobenzene polymer layer (8) via a cylindrical lens (10). The memory contents of the selected hologram (11) are read under visible light for reproduction. Wavelength conversion, amplification and other functions can be added. The optical waveguide type holographic memory of this invention also makes it possible to increase the memory capacity simply by lamination.

Abstract: Disclosed is a modified electroconductive polymer material, which comprises a metal filled in a space between the chains of an electroconductive polymer. The metal is oxidized (partially formed as a hydroxide) through a chemical reaction between three substances consisting of the metal, a cation radical/dication, and absorbed water. The metal has a work function less than that of the electroconductive polymer. The contact between the metal and the electroconductive polymer is kept in the state of coexistence between three substances consisting of the metal, the cation radical/dication and the absorbed water. This allows an electroconductive polymer material to have enhanced durability against oxidation/reduction, and controlled conductivity.

Abstract: A process for producing a thin film comprising electrotreating a dispersion or solution obtained by dispersing or dissolving a hydrophobic substance powder in an aqueous medium with a surfactant having a HLB value of 10.0 to 20.0, under conditions for forming a thin film of the hydrophobic substance on a cathode. The thin film of a hydrophobic substance can be formed on base metals such as aluminum, which can be applied to photosensitive materials and the like.

Abstract: By electrotreating a dispersion or solution obtained by dispersing or dissolving hydrophobic substance powder in aqueous medium with the use of surfactant having a HLB value of 10.0 to 20.0, under the conditions for forming the thin film of said hydrophobic substance on the cathode, thin films of hydrophobic substance is formed on the cathode. In this way thin films of hydrophobic substance can be formed on base metals such as aluminum, which can be applied to photosensitive materials and the like.

Abstract: Novel ferrocene derivatives represented by the general formula: ##STR1## or the general formula: ##STR2## or the general formula: ##STR3## (wherein all the symbols are as described in the specification) are excellent as surfactants.By application of an electrochemical method using the novel ferrocene derivatives or other ferrocene derivatives as a micelle forming agent (surfactant), an organic thin film of a hydrophobic organic substance can be efficiently produced.