Abstract: No studies have been made regarding what kinds of refrigerants should be used in a refrigeration cycle device for a vehicle. An air conditioner (1) for a vehicle includes a refrigerant circuit (10) and a refrigerant that is sealed in the refrigerant circuit (10). The refrigerant circuit (10) includes a compressor (80), a first heat exchanger (85), which serves as a heat dissipater in a dehumidifying heating mode, an outside-air heat exchanger (82), a cooling control valve (87), and a second heat exchanger (86), which serves as an evaporator in the dehumidifying heating mode. The refrigerant is a refrigerant having a low GWP.

Abstract: The present invention provides a simpler method for sharpening a tip of an emitter. In addition, the present invention provides an emitter including a nanoneedle made of a single crystal material, an emitter including a nanowire made of a single crystal material such as hafnium carbide (HfC), both of which stably emit electrons with high efficiency, and an electron gun and an electronic device using any one of these emitters. A method for manufacturing the emitter according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises processing a single crystal material in a vacuum using a focused ion beam to form an end of the single crystal material, through which electrons are to be emitted, into a tapered shape, wherein the processing is performed in an environment in which a periphery of the single crystal material fixed to a support is opened.

Abstract: Provided is a cleaning apparatus and a cleaning method for semiconductor wafers that can hinder a mist of a cleaning solution from being adhered to a surface of a semiconductor wafer during cleaning of the semiconductor wafer. In a cleaning apparatus 1 for a semiconductor wafer, a spin cup 20 has an annular side wall portion 21; an inclined portion 22 that is inclined toward the rotating table 13; and an annular bent portion 23. The height position h21 of the upper end portion 21c of the side wall portion 21 is set at a position lower than the height position h14a of the upper end portion 14a of the wafer retainer portion 14, and the inclination angle ?22 of the inclined portion to a horizontal plane and the width w of the inclined portion satisfy a formula (A): ?22(°)??0.65×w (mm)+72.

Abstract: A film thickness measurement method for measuring a change in film thickness of 0.3 ?m or less in a silicon wafer by FTIR, having an auxiliary film formation step for depositing an auxiliary film for measurement on a surface to be measured for the change in film thickness, an auxiliary film thickness measurement step for measuring the film thickness of the auxiliary film, a measurement step for measuring the film thickness of the auxiliary film after the change in film thickness, and a calculation step for calculating a change in film thickness of a back surface deposit from the result of the measurement step and the result of the auxiliary film thickness measurement step.

Abstract: A film thickness measurement method for measuring a change in film thickness of 0.3 ?m or less in a silicon wafer by FTIR, having an auxiliary film formation step for depositing an auxiliary film for measurement on a surface to be measured for the change in film thickness, an auxiliary film thickness measurement step for measuring the film thickness of the auxiliary film, a measurement step for measuring the film thickness of the auxiliary film after the change in film thickness, and a calculation step for calculating a change in film thickness of a back surface deposit from the result of the measurement step and the result of the auxiliary film thickness measurement step.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus corrects the rotation number of a replenishing screw according to the toner replenishing amount using a correction table stored in advance in the case where a toner is replenished according to the density of the toner in the developing container, and controls the rotation of the replenishing screw according to the corrected rotation number to replenish the toner. Thus, the suitable amount of toner can be timely replenished into the developing container.

Abstract: The image forming apparatus corrects the rotation number of a replenishing screw according to the toner replenishing amount using a correction table stored in advance in the case where a toner is replenished according to the density of the toner in the developing container, and controls the rotation of the replenishing screw according to the corrected rotation number to replenish the toner. Thus, the suitable amount of toner can be timely replenished into the developing container.