Abstract: It is an object to form a highly wear-resistant liquid repellent layer on a non-oxide surface. The oxide layer 8 is formed on the non-oxide material 1 surface. The oxide layer 8 is bound to the liquid repellent layer 3, made of a compound having a perfluoropolyether or perfluoroalkyl chain, at the binding sites 2.

Abstract: If a projection display device includes a shifting mechanism for shifting a projection lens to adjust the direction in which the display projects an optical image, it is difficult to find suitable position where the display should be installed. Thus, the projection lens is fitted with a projection angle adjusting mechanism, which includes an adjusting dial having a scale representing the position of the lens relative to a display element. The projection display device is capable of automatically displaying on the projected optical image a scale image corresponding to the scale. The projection display also is capable of displaying on the projected optical image the position of the optical axis of the projection lens, which can be shifted by the adjusting mechanism.

Abstract: A quarter wavelength plate for reducing the dependence of a retardation value on an incident beam angle in optically anisotropic crystals. The quarter wavelength plate is formed of optically anisotropic crystals in a thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The quarter wavelength plate can contribute to a reduction in the dependence of the retardation value on the angle at which a light beam impinges on the quarter wavelength plate, and to a reduction in color shading caused by a rise in temperature. A reflection type liquid crystal display device which employs the quarter wavelength plate can enhance the luminance and contrast.

Abstract: It is an object to form a highly wear-resistant liquid repellent layer on a non-oxide surface. The oxide layer 8 is formed on the non-oxide material 1 surface. The oxide layer 8 is bound to the liquid repellent layer 3, made of a compound having a perfluoropolyether or perfluoroalkyl chain, at the binding sites 2.

Abstract: A quarter wavelength plate for reducing the dependence of a retardation value on an incident beam angle in optically anisotropic crystals. The quarter wavelength plate is formed of optically anisotropic crystals in a thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The quarter wavelength plate can contribute to a reduction in the dependence of the retardation value on the angle at which a light beam impinges on the quarter wavelength plate, and to a reduction in color shading caused by a rise in temperature. A reflection type liquid crystal display device which employs the quarter wavelength plate can enhance the luminance and contrast.

Abstract: A quarter wavelength plate for reducing the dependence of a retardation value on an incident beam angle in optically anisotropic crystals. The quarter wavelength plate is formed of optically anisotropic crystals in a thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The quarter wavelength plate can contribute to a reduction in the dependence of the retardation value on the angle at which a light beam impinges on the quarter wavelength plate, and to a reduction in color shading caused by a rise in temperature. A reflection type liquid crystal display device which employs the quarter wavelength plate can enhance the luminance and contrast.

Abstract: Increases in temperature of the optical elements arrange in a projection-type image display apparatus are suppressed and high contrast is ensured. A polarizing element is disposed as a polarizer on least at either one of the light-incident side and light-exit side of an image display element in order to permit, among all polarized R, G, B color light components, only those with desired polarization directivity to pass through. More specifically, the polarizing element is disposed on a light-transmissive substrate having a cubic structure, e.g., a substrate that contains magnesium oxide and whose thickness ranges from about 0.4×10?3 to about 1.5×10?3 m. Also, a viewing-angle compensating element that compensates for phase differences of the polarized light incident on or exiting from the image display element is disposed between the polarizing element and the image display element.

Abstract: If a projection display device includes a shifting mechanism for shifting a projection lens to adjust the direction in which the display projects an optical image, it is difficult to find suitable position where the display should be installed. Thus, the projection lens is fitted with a projection angle adjusting mechanism, which includes an adjusting dial having a scale representing the position of the lens relative to a display element. The projection display device is capable of automatically displaying on the projected optical image a scale image corresponding to the scale. The projection display also is capable of displaying on the projected optical image the position of the optical axis of the projection lens, which can be shifted by the adjusting mechanism.

Abstract: A quarter wavelength plate for reducing the dependence of a retardation value on an incident beam angle in optically anisotropic crystals. The quarter wavelength plate is formed of optically anisotropic crystals in a thickness of 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm. The quarter wavelength plate can contribute to a reduction in the dependence of the retardation value on the angle at which a light beam impinges on the quarter wavelength plate, and to a reduction in color shading caused by a rise in temperature. A reflection type liquid crystal display device which employs the quarter wavelength plate can enhance the luminance and contrast.