Abstract: Provided is a flow rate controller. The flow rate controller calculates a resistor flow rate that is a flow rate of a fluid flowing through a fluid resistor, on the basis of a first measured pressure measured by a first pressure sensor and a second measured pressure measured by a second pressure sensor; controls a second valve on the basis of a deviation of the resistor flow rate from the set flow rate; outputs a first set pressure that is a target of a pressure upstream of the fluid resistor, on the basis of the set flow rate and a second set pressure which is a target of a pressure downstream of the fluid resistor and to which a constant value is set; and controls the first valve on the basis of a deviation of the first measured pressure from the first set pressure.

Abstract: A rail includes a foot, a web, and a head. The web has a chemical composition containing C: 0.70 to 1.20 mass%, Si: 0.20 to 1.20 mass%, Mn: 0.20 to 1.50 mass%, P: 0.035 mass% or less, and Cr: 0.20 to 2.50 mass%, with the balance being Fe and incidental impurities. The area fraction of pearlite in the web is 95% or more, and the average size of pearlite blocks is 60 µm or less.

Abstract: Provided is a flow rate controller. The flow rate controller calculates a resistor flow rate that is a flow rate of a fluid flowing through a fluid resistor, on the basis of a first measured pressure measured by a first pressure sensor and a second measured pressure measured by a second pressure sensor; controls a second valve on the basis of a deviation of the resistor flow rate from the set flow rate; outputs a first set pressure that is a target of a pressure upstream of the fluid resistor, on the basis of the set flow rate and a second set pressure which is a target of a pressure downstream of the fluid resistor and to which a constant value is set; and controls the first valve on the basis of a deviation of the first measured pressure from the first set pressure.

Abstract: A rail comprises a predetermined chemical composition. In a hardness distribution in a region from a rail head surface to a depth of 16.0 mm, a part having higher hardness than V1 that is minimum hardness in a first internal region is present in a second internal region, and hardness of the rail head surface is HBW 400 to 520 and average hardness in the region from the rail head surface to the depth of 16.0 mm is HBW 350 or more.

Abstract: A flow rate control apparatus calculates a resistance flow rate, which is a flow rate of a fluid flowing through the fluid resistor, based on a first pressure measured by a first pressure sensor and a second pressure measured by a second pressure sensor, converts the resistance flow rate to a first valve flow rate, which is the flow rate of the fluid passing through a first valve, based on the first pressure, converts the resistance flow rate to a second valve flow rate, which is the flow rate of the fluid passing through a second valve, based on the second pressure, controls the first valve so that the deviation between a first set flow rate and the first valve flow rate becomes small, and controls the second valve so that the deviation between a second set flow rate and the second valve flow rate becomes small.

Abstract: The present invention controls convergent pressure of a closed space provided with a fluid resistance at high speed while an upstream valve provided on the upstream of the fluid resistance prevents overshooting. A pressure control system is provided with a fluid resistance in a channel forming a closed space and is configured to control pressure of the closed space by controlling an upstream valve provided on the upstream of the fluid resistance. The pressure control system includes a convergent pressure arithmetic unit and a valve controller. The convergent pressure arithmetic unit calculates convergent pressure of the closed space when the upstream valve is fully closed using at least one of upstream pressure and downstream pressure on the fluid resistance in the channel. The valve controller compares the calculated convergent pressure with a predetermined target convergent pressure and fully close the upstream valve based on the result of the comparison.

Abstract: A flow rate control apparatus can obtain a flow rate of a fluid passing through a downstream-side valve in a form in which noise is significantly reduced with little time delay, and has improved responsiveness. The flow rate control apparatus includes: a downstream-side valve flow rate meter that measures a downstream-side valve flow rate that is a flow rate of a fluid passing through a downstream-side valve; and an observer including a downstream-side valve flow rate estimation model that estimates the downstream-side valve flow rate on the basis of an input parameter that changes an opening degree of the downstream-side valve. The observer is configured so as to be fed back a deviation between the measured value of the downstream-side valve flow rate and the estimated value of the downstream-side valve flow rate.

Abstract: A flow rate control apparatus calculates a resistance flow rate, which is a flow rate of a fluid flowing through the fluid resistor, based on a first pressure measured by a first pressure sensor and a second pressure measured by a second pressure sensor, converts the resistance flow rate to a first valve flow rate, which is the flow rate of the fluid passing through a first valve, based on the first pressure, converts the resistance flow rate to a second valve flow rate, which is the flow rate of the fluid passing through a second valve, based on the second pressure, controls the first valve so that the deviation between a first set flow rate and the first valve flow rate becomes small, and controls the second valve so that the deviation between a second set flow rate and the second valve flow rate becomes small.

Abstract: A fluid control valve can suppress heat generation when discharging charges from a piezo actuator for contraction and reduce energy necessary to drive the piezo actuator. The fluid control valve includes a piezo actuator and a drive circuit connected to the piezo actuator is adapted so that the drive circuit includes: a flyback transformer including a primary side coil connected to a DC power supply DV and a secondary side coil connected to the piezo actuator; a charge switch that is connected to the primary side coil and switched from on to off when the piezo actuator charges; a discharge switch that is connected to the secondary side coil and switched from off to on when the piezo actuator discharges; and a regenerative capacitor that is connected to the primary side coil and into which electric energy due to the discharge of the piezo actuator is regenerated.

Abstract: A fluid control valve can suppress heat generation when discharging charges from a piezo actuator for contraction and reduce energy necessary to drive the piezo actuator. The fluid control valve includes a piezo actuator and a drive circuit connected to the piezo actuator is adapted so that the drive circuit includes: a flyback transformer including a primary side coil connected to a DC power supply DV and a secondary side coil connected to the piezo actuator; a charge switch that is connected to the primary side coil and switched from on to off when the piezo actuator charges; a discharge switch that is connected to the secondary side coil and switched from off to on when the piezo actuator discharges; and a regenerative capacitor that is connected to the primary side coil and into which electric energy due to the discharge of the piezo actuator is regenerated.

Abstract: An annular dielectric spacer can be formed at a level of a joint-level dielectric material layer between vertically neighboring pairs of alternating stacks of insulating layers and spacer material layers. After formation of a memory opening through multiple alternating stacks and formation of a memory film therein, an anisotropic etch can be performed to remove a horizontal bottom portion of the memory film. The annular dielectric spacer can protect underlying portions of the memory film during the anisotropic etch. In addition, a silicon nitride barrier may be employed to suppress hydrogen diffusion at an edge region of peripheral devices.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a railway vehicle wheel is provided. The method comprises: in an electric heating furnace or converter, preparing steel containing, in mass %. 0.65% to 0.84% of C, 0.1% to 1.5% of Si, 0.05% to 1.5% of Mn, 0.025% or less of P, 0.015% or less of S, 0.001% to 0.08% of Al, and 0.05% to 1.5% of Cr, the balance being Fe and incidental impurities; casting the steel to obtain a material; hot rolling and/or hot forging the material to form a wheel; heating the wheel to Ac3 point +50° C. or higher; cooling the wheel from a start temperature of 700° C. or higher to a stop temperature of 500° C. to 650° C. at a rate of 1° C./s to 10° C./s; and then air cooling the wheel.

Abstract: An annular dielectric spacer can be formed at a level of a joint-level dielectric material layer between vertically neighboring pairs of alternating stacks of insulating layers and spacer material layers. After formation of a memory opening through multiple alternating stacks and formation of a memory film therein, an anisotropic etch can be performed to remove a horizontal bottom portion of the memory film. The annular dielectric spacer can protect underlying portions of the memory film during the anisotropic etch. In addition, a silicon nitride barrier may be employed to suppress hydrogen diffusion at an edge region of peripheral devices.

Abstract: An annular dielectric spacer can be formed at a level of a joint-level dielectric material layer between vertically neighboring pairs of alternating stacks of insulating layers and spacer material layers. After formation of a memory opening through multiple alternating stacks and formation of a memory film therein, an anisotropic etch can be performed to remove a horizontal bottom portion of the memory film. The annular dielectric spacer can protect underlying portions of the memory film during the anisotropic etch. In addition, a silicon nitride barrier may be employed to suppress hydrogen diffusion at an edge region of peripheral devices.

Abstract: An annular dielectric spacer can be formed at a level of a joint-level dielectric material layer between vertically neighboring pairs of alternating stacks of insulating layers and spacer material layers. After formation of a memory opening through multiple alternating stacks and formation of a memory film therein, an anisotropic etch can be performed to remove a horizontal bottom portion of the memory film. The annular dielectric spacer can protect underlying portions of the memory film during the anisotropic etch. In addition, a silicon nitride barrier may be employed to suppress hydrogen diffusion at an edge region of peripheral devices.

Abstract: Provided is a railway vehicle wheel that enables further reducing wear and fatigue damage of the wheel and rail in total. A railway vehicle wheel containing, in mass %: 0.65% to 0.84% of C; 0.1% to 1.5% of Si; 0.05% to 1.5% of Mn; 0.025% or less of P; 0.015% or less of S; 0.001% to 0.08% of Al; and 0.05% to 1.5% of Cr, the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, wherein a microstructure at least in a region extending from a tread to a depth of 15 mm is a pearlite structure, and a pearlite lamellar spacing at least in the region is 150 nm or less.

Abstract: When a front pillar on a driver's seat side is deformed to a vehicle rear side due to short overlap collision on the driver's seat side of an automobile, an instrument panel reinforcement bridged between left and right front pillars is bent at a long hole serving as a starting point and provided on an outer side of a column bracket in a vehicle width direction. Due to this, a steering column, which is mounted on the instrument panel reinforcement through the column bracket, is restrained from being displaced due to a load from the front pillar.

Abstract: Air gaps are formed between bit lines by etching to remove sacrificial material from between bit lines. Bit lines are protected from etch damage. Sacrificial material may be selectively oxidized prior to deposition of bit line metal so that protective oxide lies along sides of bit lines during etch. Portions of protective material may be selectively formed on tops of bit lines prior to etching sacrificial material.

Abstract: Air gaps are formed between bit lines by etching to remove sacrificial material from between bit lines. Bit lines are protected from etch damage. Sacrificial material may be selectively oxidized prior to deposition of bit line metal so that protective oxide lies along sides of bit lines during etch. Portions of protective material may be selectively formed on tops of bit lines prior to etching sacrificial material.

Abstract: When a front pillar on a driver's seat side is deformed to a vehicle rear side due to short overlap collision on the driver's seat side of an automobile, an instrument panel reinforcement bridged between left and right front pillars is bent at a long hole serving as a starting point and provided on an outer side of a column bracket in a vehicle width direction. Due to this, a steering column, which is mounted on the instrument panel reinforcement through the column bracket, is restrained from being displaced due to a load from the front pillar.