Abstract: A system is provided for evaluating vehicle performance. The system includes a function system model that models an operation of a function system of a vehicle and an operation of which is determined based on a control signal output from a controller within the vehicle. Additionally, the system includes a dynamic model configured to model a behavior of the vehicle based on the operation of the function system model.

Abstract: The air pre-cleaner includes a housing, a drain valve, and an air exhaust pipe. The housing is provided with an air inlet. The drain valve is disposed in the housing and is configured to drain impurities separated from intake air entering the housing through the air inlet. The intake air is exhausted from the housing through the air exhaust pipe. An upper portion of the air exhaust pipe protrudes inside the housing, and the air exhaust pipe has a lateral section with a first end portion that is disposed near the air inlet that is sharper than an opposite portion thereof.