Abstract: Crystals of the compound represented by formula (1), a method for the production thereof, and a method for producing an antibody-drug conjugate using the crystals.

Abstract: A driving assistance method includes the steps of, by a controller, acquiring state information of a driver during travelling of autonomous driving and issuing a warning to the driver when the controller determines that the driver is not facing forward based on the state information of the driver. In the driving assistance method, a warning is prohibited when the driver is facing a lane change direction during the travelling of autonomous driving.

Abstract: A valve operating system for a multicylinder engine opens and closes a pair of valves provided on each of cylinders by means of a pair of rocker arms operated by a cam provided on a camshaft supported on a cam holder. When viewed in a direction of a cylinder axis, the pair of rocker arms of at least one of the cylinders are inclined in opposite directions to each other with respect to a direction orthogonal to a camshaft axis. Therefore, thrust loads acting on the camshaft from the pair of rocker arms are counteracted individually for each of the cylinders, thereby enabling the thrust load to be reduced and axial movement of the camshaft to be prevented.

Abstract: An optical element includes an optical surface with a random uneven shape that satisfies 0.30?Icenter?1.00 and 0.00?C2nd?0.60 where P is an average pitch, Icenter is a ratio of a component intensity sum from 0.9P to 1.1P to a component intensity sum of an entire frequency spectrum calculated with a square area in which each side is equal to or longer than 40 ?m, and C2nd is a value of a second largest intensity peak in an autocorrelation function calculated with a square area in which each side is 20P.

Abstract: An optical low-pass filter is arranged on an object side than an image sensor in an image pickup apparatus and has an unevenness shape. The conditions of 5.0 ?m??z?80.0 ?m and 1.0?Ps/<Pf>?20.0 are satisfied where ?z represents a distance between the optical low-pass filter and the image sensor, Ps represents a pixel pitch of the image sensor, and <Pf> represents an average pitch of the unevenness shape.

Abstract: A valve operating system for a multicylinder engine opens and closes a pair of valves provided on each of cylinders by means of a pair of rocker arms operated by a cam provided on a camshaft supported on a cam holder. When viewed in a direction of a cylinder axis, the pair of rocker aims of at least one of the cylinders are inclined in opposite directions to each other with respect to a direction orthogonal to a camshaft axis. Therefore, thrust loads acting on the camshaft from the pair of rocker al is are counteracted individually for each of the cylinders, thereby enabling the thrust load to be reduced and axial movement of the camshaft to be prevented.

Abstract: An optical filter includes a first multi-layer having a width W1 and including a first optical layer and a second optical layer that are made of materials different from each other and that are alternately laminated, the first optical layer having a refractive index nH and an average layer thickness dH, and the second optical layer having a refractive index nL lower than nH and an average layer thickness dL, a second multi-layer having a width W2 and including the first and the second optical layers alternately laminated, the first and the second multi-layers are included in each of unit structures arranged being shifted from each other by a shift amount D in a lamination direction of the first and the second optical layers, and predetermined conditions are satisfied.

Abstract: An optical filter includes a first multilayer film structure including first and second optical layers which are constituted by materials different from each other, and a second multilayer film structure including third and fourth optical layers which are constituted by materials different from each other, the first multilayer film structure includes a first unit multilayer film with a width W1 including the first optical layer and the second optical layer, and a second unit multilayer film with a width W2 including the first optical layer and the second optical layer laminated alternately, the first and second unit multilayer films are shifted from each other in a lamination direction of the first and second optical layers, and constitute a unit structure in which the first and second unit multilayer films are arranged adjacent to each other in an arrangement direction orthogonal to the lamination direction.

Abstract: A making method of random uneven data includes a step of making random uneven data by performing a filter operation in a real space using a filtering function with respect to random array data obtained using a random number or random array data obtained by randomly arranging a predetermined shape part.

Abstract: An optical element includes an optical surface with a random uneven shape that satisfies 0.30?Icenter?1.00 and 0.00?C2nd?0.60 where P is an average pitch, Icenter is a ratio of a component intensity sum from 0.9P to 1.1P to a component intensity sum of an entire frequency spectrum calculated with a square area in which each side is equal to or longer than 40 ?m, and C2nd is a value of a second largest intensity peak in an autocorrelation function calculated with a square area in which each side is 20P.

Abstract: An optical low-pass filter is arranged on an object side than an image sensor in an image pickup apparatus and has an unevenness shape. The conditions of 5.0 ?m??z?80.0 ?m and 1.0?Ps/<Pf>?20.0 are satisfied where ?z represents a distance between the optical low-pass filter and the image sensor, Ps represents a pixel pitch of the image sensor, and <Pf> represents an average pitch of the unevenness shape.

Abstract: An optical filter includes a first multilayer film structure including first and second optical layers which are constituted by materials different from each other, and a second multilayer film structure including third and fourth optical layers which are constituted by materials different from each other, the first multilayer film structure includes a first unit multilayer film with a width W1 including the first optical layer and the second optical layer, and a second unit multilayer film with a width W2 including the first optical layer and the second optical layer laminated alternately, the first and second unit multilayer films are shifted from each other in a lamination direction of the first and second optical layers, and constitute a unit structure in which the first and second unit multilayer films are arranged adjacent to each other in an arrangement direction orthogonal to the lamination direction.

Abstract: An optical filter includes a first multi-layer having a width W1 and including a first optical layer and a second optical layer that are made of materials different from each other and that are alternately laminated, the first optical layer having a refractive index nH and an average layer thickness dH, and the second optical layer having a refractive index nL lower than nH and an average layer thickness dL, a second multi-layer having a width W2 and including the first and the second optical layers alternately laminated, the first and the second multi-layers are included in each of unit structures arranged being shifted from each other by a shift amount D in a lamination direction of the first and the second optical layers, and predetermined conditions are satisfied.

Abstract: A flow measurement sensor accurately outputs signals even when pulsation flow is generated at high engine speed and also when pulsation flow accompanying reverse flow is generated. The flow measurement sensor has a flow measurement element which has a heater resistance pattern on one side of a plate-shaped member, and a bypass passage in which the flow measurement element is disposed, a first outlet through which fluid flowing along the surface of the flow measurement element flows out, and a second outlet through which fluid flowing along the back side of the flow measurement element flows out. The second outlet is positioned at a different location from the first outlet.

Abstract: To provide a flow measurement sensor which accurately outputs signals even when pulsation flow is generated at high engine speed and also when pulsation flow accompanying reverse flow is generated. In a flow measurement sensor comprising a flow measurement element which has a heater resistance pattern on one side of a plate-shaped member, and a bypass passage in which the flow measurement element is disposed, a first outlet through which fluid flowing along the surface of said flow measurement element flows out, and a second outlet through which fluid flowing along the back side of said flow measurement element flows out are provided, and said second outlet is positioned at a different location from said first outlet.