Abstract: When it is determined that the combustion state during the catalyst warm-up control is unstable, an additional ignition is performed on the TDC side relative to the discharge period CP. In a first countermeasure example, an additional ignition period CP2 is provided on the TDC side relative to the ignition period CP1 at the normal time while performing normal ignition and injection. A second countermeasure example is carried out when it is determined that the combustion state is still unstable despite the first countermeasure example. In the second countermeasure example, an additional ignition period CP3 which is a longer period than the additional ignition period CP2 is provided instead of the additional ignition period CP2.

Abstract: When a catalyst of an internal combustion engine is not activated, a control apparatus retards the ignition timing of a spark plug, and thereby, executes a rapid warm-up control of the catalyst. However, on this occasion, when alcohol concentration Ca is high, the control apparatus sets the ignition timing to a more advanced side than when the alcohol concentration Ca is low. When the ignition timing is set to an advanced side, opening angle ? of a throttle valve is manipulated such that command value qsjc for the quantity of the air that is filled into a combustion chamber is increased. Thereby, compared with when the command value qsjc is not increased, the quantity of the fuel that is injected from a cylinder injection valve increases, and the thermal energy of exhaust gas increases.

Abstract: An upper part of FIG. 7 represents a catalyst warming-up control when a normal fuel is used, and a lower part of FIG. 7 represents the catalyst warming-up control when a heavy fuel is used. As understood from a comparison between the upper part and the lower part of FIG. 7, the start timing of the ignition period and the total injection amount of the injector in each cycle when the heavy fuel is used are the same as those when the normal fuel is used, though the ratio of the intake stroke injection and the expansion stroke injection to the total injection amount of the injector is changed to increase the fuel amount of the expansion stroke injection as compared with the case where the normal fuel is used.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes an actuator substrate and a holding substrate. The actuator substrate includes a plurality of individual liquid chambers and a plurality of pressure generating elements. The plurality of individual liquid chambers is communicated with a plurality of nozzles to discharge liquid. The plurality of pressure generating elements is arrayed to pressurize liquid in the plurality of individual liquid chambers. The holding substrate includes a plurality of recessed portions to accommodate the plurality of pressure generating elements. The holding substrate is bonded to the actuator substrate with an adhesive. The holding substrate has a plurality of openings as a plurality of channels communicating the plurality of individual liquid chambers with a common liquid chamber to supply liquid to the plurality of individual liquid chambers. At least one corner of each of the plurality of openings at least partially has a curved surface.

Abstract: A liquid ejection head includes channel forming members and a surface treatment film. The channel forming members are joined to each other via an adhesive agent to form a channel for liquid. The surface treatment film is formed on a surface of at least one of the channel forming members. The surface treatment film is an oxidized film including Si. The oxidized film further includes a transition metal forming a passive film.

Abstract: When a catalyst of an internal combustion engine is not activated, a control apparatus retards the ignition timing of a spark plug, and thereby, executes a rapid warm-up control of the catalyst. However, on this occasion, when alcohol concentration Ca is high, the control apparatus sets the ignition timing to a more advanced side than when the alcohol concentration Ca is low. When the ignition timing is set to an advanced side, opening angle ? of a throttle valve is manipulated such that command value qsjc for the quantity of the air that is filled into a combustion chamber is increased. Thereby, compared with when the command value qsjc is not increased, the quantity of the fuel that is injected from a cylinder injection valve increases, and the thermal energy of exhaust gas increases.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes a vibration plate; a lower electrode; a piezoelectric film; and an upper electrode, which are laminated in the stated order. An electric field is applied to the piezoelectric film by the lower electrode and the upper electrode. A shape of the piezoelectric film near a boundary face between the piezoelectric film and the upper electrode as viewed from a lamination direction of the piezoelectric film and the upper electrode, is substantially the same as a shape of the upper electrode. A width of the piezoelectric film precipitously extends from an end of the boundary face. A thickness of the piezoelectric film in an area in the width of the piezoelectric film where the upper electrode is not formed, is formed to be proportionate to the precipitous extension of the width of the piezoelectric film.

Abstract: A method of producing an electromechanical transducer element includes forming a first, common electrode on one of a substrate and an undercoat layer; forming an electromechanical transducer film on the first electrode; forming a second electrode on the electromechanical transducer film; forming a first protective film on an upper surface of the second electrode, the electromechanical transducer film, and a side wall of the second electrode, and selectively forming a second protective film on a portion of the first protective film protecting the electromechanical transducer film and the side wall of the second electrode.

Abstract: A liquid droplet discharge head includes a nozzle substrate; nozzles, disposed on the nozzle substrate, to discharge a liquid; a pressurized liquid chamber that communicates with the nozzles; a diaphragm forming one wall of the pressurized liquid chamber; an electromechanical transducer element for discharging, disposed on an element mount surface of the diaphragm opposite a side facing the pressurized liquid chamber; and a retainer substrate laminated to the element mount surface of the diaphragm with an adhesive. The subject head is configured to discharge a liquid inside the pressurized liquid chamber from the nozzles while the diaphragm is displaced by a drive voltage applied to the electromechanical transducer element for discharging, and the liquid droplet discharge head further comprising an electromechanical transducer element for inspection that does not perform discharging, disposed on the element mount surface of the diaphragm, to which a voltage is applied so that the diaphragm displaces.

Abstract: A liquid droplet discharge head includes a nozzle substrate; nozzles, disposed on the nozzle substrate, to discharge a liquid; a pressurized liquid chamber that communicates with the nozzles; a diaphragm forming one wall of the pressurized liquid chamber; an electromechanical transducer element for discharging, disposed on an element mount surface of the diaphragm opposite a side facing the pressurized liquid chamber; and a retainer substrate laminated to the element mount surface of the diaphragm with an adhesive. The subject head is configured to discharge a liquid inside the pressurized liquid chamber from the nozzles while the diaphragm is displaced by a drive voltage applied to the electromechanical transducer element for discharging, and the liquid droplet discharge head further comprising an electromechanical transducer element for inspection that does not perform discharging, disposed on the element mount surface of the diaphragm, to which a voltage is applied so that the diaphragm displaces.

Abstract: To provide a goggle type display device system that can prevent harm to user's health. If anomaly is recognized in mind and body of a user, first video signals provided from an external device stop being displayed on LCD panels and, instead, outside scenery taken by CCD image capture elements is displayed. The user may be alarmed by this about anomaly of his or her body and, further, relaxed by looking at the outside scenery presented.

Abstract: To provide a goggle type display device system that can prevent harm to user's health. If anomaly is recognized in mind and body of a user, first video signals provided from an external device stop being displayed on LCD panels and, instead, outside scenery taken by CCD image capture elements is displayed. The user may be alarmed by this about anomaly of his or her body and, further, relaxed by looking at the outside scenery presented.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes nozzles that discharge liquid droplets, individual channels in communication with the nozzles, a liquid introducing part in communication with the individual channels, a common liquid chamber that supplies liquid to the individual channels, and a filter part arranged between the common liquid chamber and the liquid introducing part. The filter part has filter holes for filtering the liquid over a range of the individual channels in a nozzle array direction. The filter part has at least one reinforcement rib arranged in the nozzle array direction. The reinforcement rib is partially arranged over the range of the individual channels in a direction perpendicular to the nozzle array direction. Filter regions divided by the reinforcement rib are arranged to be in communication via a communication region where the reinforcement rib is not arranged, and the filter holes are arranged at the communication region.

Abstract: A method of producing an electromechanical transducer element includes forming a first, common electrode on one of a substrate and an undercoat layer; forming an electromechanical transducer film on the first electrode; forming a second electrode on the electromechanical transducer film; forming a first protective film on an upper surface of the second electrode, the electromechanical transducer film, and a side wall of the second electrode, and selectively forming a second protective film on a portion of the first protective film protecting the electromechanical transducer film and the side wall of the second electrode.

Abstract: To provide a goggle type display device system that can prevent harm to user's health. If anomaly is recognized in mind and body of a user, first video signals provided from an external device stop being displayed on LCD panels and, instead, outside scenery taken by CCD image capture elements is displayed. The user may be alarmed by this about anomaly of his or her body and, further, relaxed by looking at the outside scenery presented.

Abstract: A liquid-jet head includes a thin film member having a thin part and a thick part, and at least a part of the thin film member is formed of an electroformed film. In the liquid-jet head, the thin film member includes a metallic film forming the thin part, a first electroformed film formed on the metallic film, the first electroformed film forming the thick part, and a second electroformed film covering a connecting part between the metallic film and the first electroformed film.

Abstract: A liquid droplet ejection head includes plural nozzles; plural individual liquid chambers; a common liquid chamber supplying liquid to the plural individual liquid chambers; a filter sheet member including plural pores formed therein to filter the liquid; and a frame body including an opening part and being in connection with the filter sheet member with adhesive. Further, a size of a region where the plural pores are formed is greater than the opening part of the frame body; an adhesive accumulation area is formed on an inner peripheral end of the opening part; and a size of the adhesive accumulation area in a protruding direction of the adhesive is greater than a size of an area between adjacent pores in the filter sheet member.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes a vibration plate; a lower electrode; a piezoelectric film; and an upper electrode, which are laminated in the stated order. An electric field is applied to the piezoelectric film by the lower electrode and the upper electrode. A shape of the piezoelectric film near a boundary face between the piezoelectric film and the upper electrode as viewed from a lamination direction of the piezoelectric film and the upper electrode, is substantially the same as a shape of the upper electrode. A width of the piezoelectric film precipitously extends from an end of the boundary face. A thickness of the piezoelectric film in an area in the width of the piezoelectric film where the upper electrode is not formed, is formed to be proportionate to the precipitous extension of the width of the piezoelectric film.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a piezoelectric actuator. The piezoelectric actuator includes a piezoelectric member on which plural piezoelectric poles are formed, and the plural piezoelectric poles are formed to be inclined in a direction in which the plural piezoelectric poles are arranged.

Abstract: A liquid-jet head includes nozzles ejecting liquid drops, individual liquid chambers in communication with the corresponding nozzles, a common liquid chamber supplying the liquid to the individual liquid chambers, and a filter member filtering the liquid inside the common liquid chamber. The filter member includes a thin layer having pores and a thick layer on a circumferential part of the thin layer, the thick layer being bonded to the first common liquid chamber member; the thin layer includes a first surface having the thick layer and a second surface opposite to the first surface, a circumferential part of the second surface being bonded to the second common liquid chamber member with an adhesive; and part of or all the pores in the circumferential part of the second surface are exposed in a direction toward the thick layer, and the adhesive overflows into the pores.