Abstract: A shoe for a crawler track includes a first end, a second end, a longitudinal axis extending between the first and second ends, a roller path axis extending perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and an intermediate portion disposed between the first and second ends. The intermediate portion includes a roller-engaging portion disposed along the roller path axis, the intermediate portion including four successive faces that form a parallelogram when viewed from a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, two of the four faces being disposed at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A shoe for a crawler track includes a first end, a second end, a longitudinal axis extending between the first and second ends, a roller path axis extending perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and an intermediate portion disposed between the first and second ends. The intermediate portion includes a roller-engaging portion disposed along the roller path axis, the intermediate portion including four successive faces that form a parallelogram when viewed from a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, two of the four faces being disposed at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: A shoe for a crawler track includes a first end, a second end, a longitudinal axis extending between the first and second ends, a roller path axis extending perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and an intermediate portion disposed between the first and second ends. The intermediate portion includes a roller-engaging portion disposed along the roller path axis, the intermediate portion including four successive faces that form a parallelogram when viewed from a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, two of the four faces being disposed at an acute angle relative to the longitudinal axis.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods in which one or more elemental taggants that are extrinsically placed in an object are detected by x-ray fluorescence analysis to identify or authenticate the object are described. The taggant is manufactured as part of the object or the taggant is placed into a coating, packaging, label, or otherwise embedded onto the object for the purpose of later verifying the presence or absence of these elements by x-ray fluorescence. The taggant is then analyzed by XRF and the analysis is then converted into a 2D symbol format that can be used in various security and authentication applications. By using x-ray fluorescence analysis, the apparatus and methods of the invention are simple and easy to use, without the limitations experience by current anti-counterfeiting technologies.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods in which one or more elemental taggants that are extrinsically placed in an object are detected by x-ray fluorescence analysis to identify or authenticate the object are described. The taggant is manufactured as part of the object or the taggant is placed into a coating, packaging, label, or otherwise embedded onto the object for the purpose of later verifying the presence or absence of these elements by x-ray fluorescence. The taggant is then analyzed by XRF and the analysis is then converted into a 2D symbol format that can be used in various security and authentication applications. By using x-ray fluorescence analysis, the apparatus and methods of the invention are simple and easy to use, without the limitations experience by current anti-counterfeiting technologies.