Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a hot rolling apparatus for manufacturing a metal plate by hot-rolling-treating a metal material including copper.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a hot rolling apparatus for manufacturing a metal plate by hot-rolling-treating a metal material including copper.

Abstract: A steel has a tensile strength of 850 to 1700 MPa, a yield ratio of at most 80%, and a penetration border energy ratio of at least 2.0 relative to the penetration border energy of a reference steel JIS SS400 (corresponding to ASTM A36) of the same thickness. The steel can be produced by first effecting a heat treatment 1 on an unstable austenitic steel; then effecting, at least once, one or more or any combination of the heat treatment 1 and a heat treatment 2 on the steel; and then finally effecting the heat treatment 2 on the steel. Heat treatment 1 heats the unstable austenitic steel to at least the Ac3 transformation temperature and then water-cools the steel to a temperature below 350° C. Heat treatment 2 heats the steel to a temperature between Ac3 and Ac1 transformation temperatures and then water-cools the steel to a temperature below 350° C.

Abstract: A steel has a tensile strength of 850 to 1700 MPa, a yield ratio of at most 80%, and a penetration border energy ratio of at least 2.0 relative to the penetration border energy of a reference steel JIS SS400 (corresponding to ASTM A36) of the same thickness. The steel can be produced by first effecting a heat treatment 1 on an unstable austenitic steel; then effecting, at least once, one or more or any combination of the heat treatment 1 and a heat treatment 2 on the steel; and then finally effecting the heat treatment 2 on the steel. Heat treatment 1 heats the unstable austenitic steel to at least the Ac3 transformation temperature and then water-cools the steel to a temperature below 350° C. Heat treatment 2 heats the steel to a temperature between Ac3 and Ac1 transformation temperatures and then water-cools the steel to a temperature below 350° C.

Abstract: To suppress generation of scales on surfaces of a strip and to reduce the amount of non-oxidizing gas consumed in the casting of strip in a twin roll caster there is provided downstream apparatus comprising pinch rolls 17a and 17b for pinching a strip 4 continuously cast by a pair of casting rolls 1a and 1b, a coiler 8 for coiling the strip 4 delivered from the pinch rolls 17a and 17b, an upstream chamber 19 for enclosing a travelling path of the strip 4 from the casting rolls 1a and 1b to the pinch rolls 17a and 17b,a downstream chamber 24 for enclosing a travelling path of the strip 4 from the pinch rolls 17a and 17b to a position before the coiler, a shutter on an end of the downstream chamber closer to the coiler and a gas supply source for supplying non-oxidizing and reducing gases to the upstream and downstream chambers 19 and 24 and quenching means within the downstream chamber to cool the strip so that it leaves the chamber at a temperature of 300.degree. C. or below.

Abstract: To suppress generation of scales on surfaces of a strip and to reduce the amount of non-oxidising gas consumed in the casting of strip in a twin roll caster there is provided downstream apparatus comprising pinch rolls 17a and 17b for pinching a strip 4 continuously cast by a pair of casting rolls 1a and 1b, a coiler 8 for coiling the strip 4 delivered from the pinch rolls 17a and 17b, an upstream chamber 19 for enclosing a travelling path of the strip 4 from the casting rolls 1a and 1b to the pinch rolls 17a and 17b, a downstream chamber 24 for enclosing a travelling path of the strip 4 from the pinch rolls 17a and 17b to a position before the coiler, a shutter on an end of the downstream chamber closer to the coiler and a gas supply source for supplying non-oxidising and reducing gases to the upstream and downstream chambers 19 and 24 and quenching means within the downstream chamber to cool the strip so that it leaves the chamber at a temperature of 300.degree. C. or below.

Abstract: A method of pulling a crystal of a metal oxide is disclosed, in which the growth of the crystal is performed in a liquid phase having a composition which is different from the metal oxide and which contains components constituting the metal oxide. The liquid phase is in contact with a solid phase located at a position separated from the position at which the crystal of the metal oxide grows. The solid phase has a composition different from that of the metal oxide and supplies components constituting the metal oxide to the liquid phase.