Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing an aqueous dispersion of zirconium oxide comprising: reacting a zirconium salt with an alkali in water to obtain a slurry of particles of zirconium oxide; filtering, washing, and repulping the slurry; adding an organic acid to the resulting slurry in an amount of one mole part or more per mole part of the zirconium in the slurry; hydrothermally treating the resulting mixture at a temperature of 170° C. or higher; and washing the resulting aqueous dispersion of particles of zirconium oxide.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing an aqueous dispersion of particles of rutile titanium oxide, which comprises: a first step in which after a chloride ion concentration of an aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride is adjusted to 0.5 mole/L or more and less than 4.4 mole/L, the aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride is heated at a temperature in a range of from 25° C. to 75° C.

Abstract: The invention provides a dispersion of particles of rutile titanium oxide wherein the particles of rutile titanium oxide have a D50 in a range of 1 to 15 nm and a D90 of 40 nm or less in particle size distribution as determined by a dynamic light scattering method; a specific surface area in a range of 120 to 180 m2/g as determined by a BET method; and a rate of weight loss of 5% or less as obtained by heating the particles of rutile titanium oxide from 105° C. to 900° C.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing an aqueous dispersion of zirconium oxide comprising: reacting a zirconium salt with an alkali in water to obtain a slurry of particles of zirconium oxide; filtering, washing, and repulping the slurry; adding an organic acid to the resulting slurry in an amount of one mole part or more per mole part of the zirconium in the slurry; hydrothermally treating the resulting mixture at a temperature of 170° C. or higher; and washing the resulting aqueous dispersion of particles of zirconium oxide. The invention also provides a process for producing an aqueous dispersion of solid solution of zirconium oxide containing at least one stabilizing element selected from aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and rare earth elements.

Abstract: The invention provides a dispersion of zirconium oxide having a content as high as 20% by weight or more, but a low viscosity, and having a high transparency, which has a transmittance of 35% or more at a wave length of 400 nm, a transmittance of 95% or more at a wave length of 800 nm, and a viscosity of 20 mPa·s or less at a temperature of 25° C. Such a dispersion of zirconium oxide can be obtained by reacting a zirconium salt with an alkali in water to obtain a slurry of particles of zirconium oxide; filtering, washing, and repulping the slurry; adding an organic acid to the resulting slurry in an amount of one mole part or more per mole part of the zirconium in the slurry; hydrothermally treating the slurry at a temperature of 170° C. or higher; and washing and concentrating the resulting aqueous dispersion of particles of zirconium oxide.

Abstract: A phase compensation element is disposed between a reflective type display element and a polarizing beam splitter. Composed of a crystal structure retardation layer functioning as a quarter-wave plate and an inclined-axis retardation layer functioning as an O-plate, the phase compensation element is aligned substantially parallel to a reflective surface of the reflective type display element. The inclined-axis retardation layer is made of inorganic material obliquely deposited on the crystal structure retardation layer. The inclined-axis retardation layer has a principal refractive index axis inclined at between 0° and 45° to a surface normal of the crystal structure retardation layer, and has a thickness not to increase haze of the phase compensation element.

Abstract: A phase compensator having a biaxial birefringent component (40) is fabricated by oblique deposition of an inorganic material on a base plate (69). A polar angle of an evaporation path of the inorganic material is controlled in a predetermined angular range to a surface normal of the base plate (69). In the oblique deposition process, the base plate (69) is oscillated in a horizontal direction. The phase compensator is arranged such that its slow axis (L4) is perpendicular to a slow axis (L3) of tilt components (24a, 24b) in a liquid crystal panel (20), and that an index ellipsoid (41) is tilted in an opposite direction to a tilt direction of the tilt components (24a, 24b).

Abstract: Red incident light is reflected on a mirror (19) and linearly polarized by a polarizer (26R). Linearly polarized incident light enters a transmissive liquid crystal device (11R), in which oblique incident light is changed into elliptically polarized light. A retardation compensator (27R) between the liquid crystal device (11R) and an analyzer (28R) has an inorganic form birefringence layer. The retardation compensator (27R) yields birefringence effect to change elliptical polarized light into linearly polarized light. Linearly polarized light from the retardation compensator (27R) can pass the analyzer (28R) without decreasing intensity, and enters a color recombining prism (24). The liquid crystal device (11R) may have the inorganic form birefringence layer. Retardation in green and blue light is also compensated in the same manner. Red, green and blue image light, mixed in the color recombining prism (24), is projected onto a screen 3 by a projection lens system (25).

Abstract: A retardation compensation element (32, 32a) has a first optical anisotropic layer (42) that functions as a negative C-plate, and a second and a third optical anisotropic layers (43, 44) that function as positive O-plates. VA mode liquid crystal molecules (37) tilt at an azimuth angle of 45 degrees and a polar angle of 5 degrees when no voltage is applied thereto. The second and third optical anisotropic layers have optical axes respectively at an angle of ?105 degrees and +105 degrees from the tilt direction of the liquid crystal molecule. The first optical anisotropic layer (42) compensates the retardation of light that enters a liquid crystal layer (38) at an oblique angle while the second and third optical anisotropic layers (43, 44) compensate the retardation of light that enters the liquid crystal layer at a right angle.

Abstract: A polarization azimuth compensation layer (31) is effective in aligning a polarization plane of light obliquely entering an incident-side polarizing plate (30) with a polarization plane of light entering the incident-side polarizing plate (30) in a direction of a normal line. A retardation compensation layer (41) is disposed nearer a liquid crystal layer (34) than a microlens array (40) diffracting part of incident light, to compensate a phase difference due to the liquid crystal layer (34). Diffracted light caused by the microlens array (40) and a TFT circuit pattern (46) enters a polarization azimuth compensation layer (36). The polarization azimuth compensation layer (36) prevents leakage of light by aligning a polarization plane of the diffracted light to be parallel to an absorption axis of an exit-side polarizing plate (37).

Abstract: A retardation compensation element (56) is composed of a C-plate (86) and an O-plate (85). The O-plate (85) is a biaxial birefringent medium made of an obliquely deposited organic material, and has a fast axis (L6) parallel to the orthographic projection of a deposition direction (96) onto the surface of the O-plate (85). Between a liquid crystal display device (51) and an analyzer (68), the O-plate (85) is arranged such that the fast axis (L6) and a tilt direction (L8) of liquid crystal molecules (75) parallel to each other, and that the deposition direction (96) and the tilt direction (L8) face the opposite direction. The C-plate (86) is disposed above the O-plate (85) between the liquid crystal display device (51) and the analyzer (68).

Abstract: A retardation compensation element (56) is composed of a C-plate (85) and an O-plate (86). The O-plate (86) is a biaxial birefringent medium made of an obliquely deposited organic material. A fast axis (L6) of the O-plate (86) is parallel to the orthographic projection of a deposition direction (96) onto the surface of the O-plate (86). Between a liquid crystal display device (51) and a polarization beam splitter (48), the O-plate (86) is arranged such that the fast axis (L6) and a tilt direction (L8) of liquid crystal molecules (75) are parallel to each other, and that the deposition direction (96) and the tilt direction (L8) face the opposite direction with respect to a Z2 axis. The C-plate (86) is disposed together with the O-plate (85) between the liquid crystal display device (51) and the polarization beam splitter (48).

Abstract: A transparent base plate supports a first compensating layer, which is adapted to compensate for a phase difference due to liquid crystal molecules having undergone normal orientation in a liquid crystal layer of a TN liquid crystal display device, and second compensating layers, which are adapted to compensate for the phase difference due to the liquid crystal molecules having undergone hybrid orientation in the liquid crystal layer. Each of the second compensating layers is constituted of one of oblique incidence vacuum deposited films, which are formed on opposite surfaces of the base plate with oblique incidence vacuum evaporation of an inorganic material. An azimuthal angle and/or a polar angle of a direction of vacuum evaporation with respect to a plane of vacuum evaporation is set to be different between the second compensating layers.

Abstract: Red incident light is reflected on a mirror (19) and linearly polarized by a polarizer (26R). Linearly polarized incident light enters a transmissive liquid crystal device (11R), in which oblique incident light is changed into elliptically polarized light. A retardation compensator (27R) between the liquid crystal device (11R) and an analyzer (28R) has an inorganic form birefringence layer. The retardation compensator (27R) yields birefringence effect to change elliptical polarized light into linearly polarized light. Linearly polarized light from the retardation compensator (27R) can pass the analyzer (28R) without decreasing intensity, and enters a color recombining prism (24). The liquid crystal device (11R) may have the inorganic form birefringence layer. Retardation in green and blue light is also compensated in the same manner. Red, green and blue image light, mixed in the color recombining prism (24), is projected onto a screen 3 by a projection lens system (25).

Abstract: A retardation compensation element (32, 32a) has a first optical anisotropic layer (42) that functions as a negative C-plate, and a second and a third optical anisotropic layers (43, 44) that function as positive O-plates. VA mode liquid crystal molecules (37) tilt at an azimuth angle of 45 degrees and a polar angle of 5 degrees when no voltage is applied thereto. The second and third optical anisotropic layers have optical axes respectively at an angle of ?105 degrees and +105 degrees from the tilt direction of the liquid crystal molecule. The first optical anisotropic layer (42) compensates the retardation of light that enters a liquid crystal layer (38) at an oblique angle while the second and third optical anisotropic layers (43, 44) compensate the retardation of light that enters the liquid crystal layer at a right angle.

Abstract: A polarization azimuth compensation layer (31) is effective in aligning a polarization plane of light obliquely entering an incident-side polarizing plate (30) with a polarization plane of light entering the incident-side polarizing plate (30) in a direction of a normal line. A retardation compensation layer (41) is disposed nearer a liquid crystal layer (34) than a microlens array (40) diffracting part of incident light, to compensate a phase difference due to the liquid crystal layer (34). Diffracted light caused by the microlens array (40) and a TFT circuit pattern (46) enters a polarization azimuth compensation layer (36). The polarization azimuth compensation layer (36) prevents leakage of light by aligning a polarization plane of the diffracted light to be parallel to an absorption axis of an exit-side polarizing plate (37).

Abstract: A phase compensation element is disposed between a reflective type display element and a polarizing beam splitter. Composed of a crystal structure retardation layer functioning as a quarter-wave plate and an inclined-axis retardation layer functioning as an O-plate, the phase compensation element is aligned substantially parallel to a reflective surface of the reflective type display element. The inclined-axis retardation layer is made of inorganic material obliquely deposited on the crystal structure retardation layer. The inclined-axis retardation layer has a principal refractive index axis inclined at between 0° and 45° to a surface normal of the crystal structure retardation layer, and has a thickness not to increase haze of the phase compensation element.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel (11R) is provided with, from a light source side, a MLA substrate (31) having a microlens array (37), an opposed substrate (32) having transparent common electrodes (41) formed thereon, a liquid crystal layer (33), and a TFT substrate (34) having transparent pixel electrodes associated with each pixel. The microlens array focuses the incident light onto the corresponding pixel electrodes. A light source side surface of the opposed substrate is provided with a retardation compensation layer (39). Since the light passes through the retardation compensation layer and the liquid crystal layer at the same angle even if the light diffracts and diffuses on the microlens array, leakage of light is prevented.

Abstract: The light diffusing plate includes a light-transmissive support, a diffusing layer having light-transmissive spheres, and a light-sensitive color forming material interposed between the support and the diffusing layer, the light-sensitive color forming material containing a positive-acting diazo light- and heat-sensitive material or a positive-acting silver halide light-sensitive emulsion, or a negative-acting light-sensitive color forming material in the side contacting the light-transmissive spheres and a positive-acting light-sensitive color forming material in the side of the support, the light-sensitive color forming material being developed to take on color after generally parallel light is launched from a side where the diffusing layer is provided. The display apparatus makes use of the diffusing plate.

Abstract: A form birefringence to compensate the phase retardation caused by a liquid crystal device has a retardation compensation film that is composed of alternately deposited high and low refractive index layers. The retardation compensation film is provided in at least one of the incident side and the emanation side of the liquid crystal device. The birefringence value ?n and the total thickness d of the retardation compensation film are adjusted such that the retardation of the retardation compensation film agrees with the retardation of the liquid crystal device at least at one wavelength in the visible band.