Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography which is suppressed in adhesion of a contaminant to a surface thereof. The electroconductive member for electrophotography includes, in this order, an electroconductive support, an electroconductive elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and electroconductive fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 5.0 nm or more and 50.0 nm or less. At least part of the electroconductive fine particles are exposed from the surface layer. The surface layer has, on a surface thereof, protruded portions derived from exposed portions of the electroconductive fine particles. The surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×1010 ?cm or more and 1.0×1016 ?cm or less and a universal hardness at a depth of 1 ?m from the surface thereof of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: A member for electrophotography for use in forming a high quality electrophotographic image for a long period is provided. The member for electrophotography includes a support, an elastic layer on the support, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a quaternary ammonium salt and an epichlorohydrin rubber. The surface layer includes a material having a specific structure. A universal hardness a surface of the surface layer is 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 5.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a member for electrophotography that can inhibit the adhesion of dirt to the outer surface. The member for electrophotography has a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and first particles, the surface of the surface layer has first convexes derived from the first particles, the first particles resulting in the first convex has an average inter-particle surface distance of 50 nm or less, the first particles have a number-average particle diameter of 200 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, and the surface of the surface layer has a universal hardness of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography which is suppressed in adhesion of a contaminant to a surface thereof. The electroconductive member for electrophotography includes, in this order, an electroconductive support, an electroconductive elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and electroconductive fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 5.0 nm or more and 50.0 nm or less. At least part of the electroconductive fine particles are exposed from the surface layer. The surface layer has, on a surface thereof, protruded portions derived from exposed portions of the electroconductive fine particles. The surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×1010 ?cm or more and 1.0×1016 ?cm or less and a universal hardness at a depth of 1 ?m from the surface thereof of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography having a stable charging ability. The electroconductive member includes, in this order, an electroconductive substrate, an electroconductive elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymer having a urethane linkage. The polymer has, in the molecule, structures included in at least two groups selected from: Group A of structures each represented by a specific structural formula (1); Group B of at least one of structures each represented by a specific structural formula (2) or structures each represented by a structural formula (3); and Group C of structures each represented by a specific structural formula (4). The surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×1010 ?·cm or more and 1.0×1016 ?·cm or less, and the surface layer has a universal hardness at a depth 1 ?m from the surface thereof of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: A member for electrophotography for use in forming a high quality electrophotographic image for a long period is provided. The member for electrophotography includes a support, an elastic layer on the support, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The elastic layer includes a quaternary ammonium salt and an epichlorohydrin rubber. The surface layer includes a material having a specific structure. A universal hardness a surface of the surface layer is 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 5.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: It is intended to provide a member for electrophotography that can inhibit the adhesion of dirt to the outer surface. The member for electrophotography has a substrate, an elastic layer on the substrate, and a surface layer on the elastic layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and first particles, the surface of the surface layer has first convexes derived from the first particles, the first particles resulting in the first convex has an average inter-particle surface distance of 50 nm or less, the first particles have a number-average particle diameter of 200 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, and the surface of the surface layer has a universal hardness of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: A performance recording apparatus includes: a performance information acquiring unit which is configured to acquire performance information indicating a performance performed by a performer; a musical score information acquiring unit which is configured to acquire musical score information indicating a musical score that is used in the performance; and a producing unit which is configured to produce a performance file containing the performance information and the musical score information.

Abstract: A charging member is provided having an electroconductive substrate, and a resin layer on the substrate, in which the charging member has an area on the surface of the charging member, the area including a compound represented by the following formula (1),

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member for an electrophotographic apparatus, which suppresses the occurrence of a banding image caused by uneven charging. The electrophotographic member includes: an electroconductive substrate; and a surface layer, in which: the surface layer includes a binder resin and an aggregate of at least one crystal particle selected from the group consisting of a flaky crystal particle of magnesium carbonate and a flaky crystal particle of calcium carbonate; an edge face of a card house structure formed of the crystal particle is exposed at a surface of the aggregate; a surface of the surface layer includes a convex portion derived from the aggregate; and a surface of the convex portion has unevenness reflecting a shape of the edge face of the card house structure exposed at the surface of the aggregate.

Abstract: Provided is a charging member that suppresses the occurrence of abnormal discharge under low temperature and low humidity. The charging member includes a support and a surface layer on the support, and the surface layer contains a compound represented by the following formula (a), (b), (c), or (d).

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member for an electrophotographic apparatus, which suppresses the occurrence of a banding image caused by uneven charging. The electrophotographic member includes: an electroconductive substrate; and a surface layer, in which: the surface layer includes a binder resin and an aggregate of at least one crystal particle selected from the group consisting of a flaky crystal particle of magnesium carbonate and a flaky crystal particle of calcium carbonate; an edge face of a card house structure formed of the crystal particle is exposed at a surface of the aggregate; a surface of the surface layer includes a convex portion derived from the aggregate; and a surface of the convex portion has unevenness reflecting a shape of the edge face of the card house structure exposed at the surface of the aggregate.

Abstract: In an audio processing device, a target sound emphasizer generates a target sound emphasized component by emphasizing a target sound component contained in a plurality of audio signals generated by a plurality of sound receiving devices. A stereo processor generates a stereo component of a plurality of channels from the plurality of audio signals. A first adjuster adjusts a sound pressure level of the target sound emphasized component according to a first adjustment value, and a second adjuster adjusts a sound pressure level of the stereo component according to a second adjustment value. A variable setter variably sets a zoom value which is changeable between a wide angle side and a telephoto side relative to a target.

Abstract: A developing roller has a surface layer which can effectively inhibit the bleeding of a low-molecular-weight component from an elastic layer, and can efficiently impart a high electric charge to a negatively chargeable toner, and is excellent in toner-releasing properties. The developing roller has a mandrel, at least one layer of an elastic layer provided on the mandrel and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer, carries and conveys a toner, and develops an electrostatic latent image on an opposing photosensitive member with the toner. The surface layer comprises a silicon compound film containing Si, N, C and H having specific total amounts of the existing elements Si, N, C and H, and specific ratios N/Si, C/Si, and H/Si.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic roller member comprising a roller base member having a conductive mandrel and an elastic layer, and a film on the elastic layer. The process comprises the step of forming the film by plasma CVD. The step comprises the steps of: placing the roller base member in a chamber in such a way that the distance between the surface of the elastic layer and flat-plate electrodes is 20 mm or more to 100 mm or less; feeding a source gas into the chamber so as to have a pressure of from 13.3 Pa or more to 666.6 Pa or less; and applying to an electrode an electric power of from 0.3 W/cm2 or more to 2.0 W/cm2 or less while rotating the roller base member so that the peripheral speed of from 6 mm/s or more to 170 mm/s or less.

Abstract: In an audio processing device, a target sound emphasizer generates a target sound emphasized component by emphasizing a target sound component contained in a plurality of audio signals generated by a plurality of sound receiving devices. A stereo processor generates a stereo component of a plurality of channels from the plurality of audio signals. A first adjuster adjusts a sound pressure level of the target sound emphasized component according to a first adjustment value, and a second adjuster adjusts a sound pressure level of the stereo component according to a second adjustment value. A variable setter variably sets a zoom value which is changeable between a wide angle side and a telephoto side relative to a target.

Abstract: A developing roller is provided which is soft enough to enable toners to be kept from deteriorating with time and cannot easily cause permanent set. The developing roller includes a mandrel, an elastic-material layer and a cover layer as a surface layer which covers the elastic-material layer. Asker-C hardness at the surface of the cover layer is from 40° to 85°. The cover layer has a thickness of from 15 nm to 5,000 nm. Martens hardness H1 (N/mm2) at the surface of the developing roller, Martens hardness H2 (N/mm2) of the elastic-material layer and the thickness d (mm) of the cover layer satisfy the relationship of the following expression (1): 400?(H1?H2)/d?2,000??(1).

Abstract: A developing roller has a surface layer which can effectively inhibit the bleeding of a low-molecular-weight component from an elastic layer, and can efficiently impart a high electric charge to a negatively chargeable toner, and is excellent in toner-releasing properties. The developing roller has a mandrel, at least one layer of an elastic layer provided on the mandrel and a surface layer provided on the elastic layer, carries and conveys a toner, and develops an electrostatic latent image on an opposing photosensitive member with the toner. The surface layer comprises a silicon compound film containing Si, N, C and H having specific total amounts of the existing elements Si, N, C and H, and specific ratios N/Si, C/Si, and H/Si.

Abstract: A developing roller is provided having a surface that has excellent effect of suppressing exudation of low molecular weight substances from an elastic body, excellent toner release properties, and sufficient flexibility in which cracks do not easily occur even by repeated image formation. The developing roller carries and conveys toner to develop electrostatic latent images on a photosensitive drum with the toner and includes in this order a mandrel, an elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer includes a silicon oxide film containing carbon atoms chemically bonded to silicon atoms. The silicon oxide film has an abundance ratio of oxygen atoms forming chemical bonds with silicon atoms to silicon atoms (O/Si) of 0.65 or more and 1.95 or less, and an abundance ratio of carbon atoms forming chemical bonds with silicon atoms to silicon atoms (C/Si) of 0.05 or more and 1.65 or less.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic roller member comprising a roller base member having a conductive mandrel and an elastic layer, and a film on the elastic layer. The process comprises the step of forming the film by plasma CVD. The step comprises the steps of: placing the roller base member in a chamber in such a way that the distance between the surface of the elastic layer and flat-plate electrodes is 20 mm or more to 100 mm or less; feeding a source gas into the chamber so as to have a pressure of from 13.3 Pa or more to 666.6 Pa or less; and applying to an electrode an electric power of from 0.3 W/cm2 or more to 2.0 W/cm2 or less while rotating the roller base member so that the peripheral speed of from 6 mm/s or more to 170 mm/s or less.