Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: plural image forming units that form images to be transferred to a recording medium; and a processor configured to cause an information display image to be transferred to a recording medium to which a diagnostic image that has been formed by a diagnosis target image forming unit, which is an image forming unit as a target for a diagnosis among the plural image forming units, is transferred, the information display image being an image representing information and having been formed by a different image forming unit.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes: a processor is configured to: read an image of at least one of a first surface or a second surface of a medium with the medium folded; discriminate whether the image is of the first surface or the second surface based on an identification image in the image; specify, based on the image, a surface on which a folding deviation occurs; and determine a correction direction of the folding deviation according to whether the surface on which the folding deviation occurs is the first surface or the second surface.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a processor configured to: acquire image information obtained by an image reading apparatus including an illumination unit having an uneven balance in an amount of light in a sub-scanning direction; and specify a position of a folding line in a sheet from the acquired image information. The acquiring by the processor includes acquiring first image information obtained by reading the sheet in a first state in which the folding line in the sheet is positioned in a direction intersecting the sub-scanning direction of the image reading apparatus, and second image information obtained by reading the sheet in a second state in which the sheet is directed to an opposite side to a side in the first state. The specifying by the processor includes specifying the position of the folding line in the sheet based on the first image information and the second image information.

Abstract: An image processing device includes: a processor configured to obtain a positional deviation amount of an actual folding line from an expected folding line on a test sheet, and generate, based on the positional deviation amount, sheet image information including image data representing an image to be formed on a sheet, so as to change a position of the image.

Abstract: Lactic acid is obtained by a method including (A) a step of continuous fermentation wherein a fermentation culture medium of a microorganism having an ability of lactic acid fermentation is filtered through a porous membrane having an average pore size of not less than 0.01 ?m and less than 1 ?m with a transmembrane pressure difference within the range of 0.1 to 20 kPa, and the permeate is collected, while retaining the non-permeated liquid in or returning the non-permeated liquid to the culture, and adding a fermentation feedstock to the culture; (B) a step of filtering the permeate obtained in Step (A) through a nanofiltration membrane; and (C) a step of distilling the permeate obtained in Step (B) under a pressure of not less than 1 Pa and not more than atmospheric pressure, at 25° C. to 200° C. to recover lactic acid.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes: a processor is configured to: read an image of at least one of a first surface or a second surface of a medium with the medium folded; discriminate whether the image is of the first surface or the second surface based on an identification image in the image; specify, based on the image, a surface on which a folding deviation occurs; and determine a correction direction of the folding deviation according to whether the surface on which the folding deviation occurs is the first surface or the second surface.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes: a processor is configured to: read an image of at least one of a first surface or a second surface of a medium with the medium folded; discriminate whether the image is of the first surface or the second surface based on an identification image in the image; specify, based on the image, a surface on which a folding deviation occurs; and determine a correction direction of the folding deviation according to whether the surface on which the folding deviation occurs is the first surface or the second surface.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: a folder configured to fold a medium by forming a fold such that a side of the medium is aligned with a predetermined first position on the medium; and an image forming device configured to form a first image on a region different from a region located within a predetermined range from the first position, on at least a part of the side of the medium before the medium is folded by the folder.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes: a processor configured to: acquire information on a folding manner in which a folding device folds a medium; and when the folding manner does not allow reading of a folding position of the medium with the medium folded, cause a display to display information so as to prompt a user to unfold and read the medium.

Abstract: An image processing device includes a processor configured to: obtain image information obtained by reading a sheet that is folded with an intention that a folding line is formed at a position apart from a sheet center position in a specific direction by a predetermined distance, using an image reading device in a state in which a short folded piece of the sheet faces a sensor surface; obtain positions of two edges that are opposite to each other across a folding back of the sheet in the image information; and detect a deviation amount of the folding line based on the positions of the two edges and the predetermined distance.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes: a processor is configured to: read an image of at least one of a first surface or a second surface of a medium with the medium folded; discriminate whether the image is of the first surface or the second surface based on an identification image in the image; specify, based on the image, a surface on which a folding deviation occurs; and determine a correction direction of the folding deviation according to whether the surface on which the folding deviation occurs is the first surface or the second surface.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes: a processor configured to: acquire information on a folding manner in which a folding device folds a medium; and when the folding manner does not allow reading of a folding position of the medium with the medium folded, cause a display to display information so as to prompt a user to unfold and read the medium.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: a folder configured to fold a medium by forming a fold such that a side of the medium is aligned with a predetermined first position on the medium; and an image forming device configured to form a first image on a region different from a region located within a predetermined range from the first position, on at least a part of the side of the medium before the medium is folded by the folder.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a processor configured to: acquire image information obtained by reading a folded sheet with an image reading device in a state where the folded sheet is unfolded; acquire first and second distances in the image information, the first and second distances being distances from first and second positions to a predetermined reference of the sheet, respectively, the first and second positions on a folding line of the sheet being separated by a predetermined distance; and detect an inclination of the folding line of the sheet based on the first and second distances.

Abstract: An image processing device includes a processor configured to: obtain image information obtained by reading a sheet that is folded with an intention that a folding line is formed at a position apart from a sheet center position in a specific direction by a predetermined distance, using an image reading device in a state in which a short folded piece of the sheet faces a sensor surface; obtain positions of two edges that are opposite to each other across a folding back of the sheet in the image information; and detect a deviation amount of the folding line based on the positions of the two edges and the predetermined distance.

Abstract: An image processing device includes: a processor configured to obtain a positional deviation amount of an actual folding line from an expected folding line on a test sheet, and generate, based on the positional deviation amount, sheet image information including image data representing an image to be formed on a sheet, so as to change a position of the image.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a processor configured to: acquire image information obtained by reading a folded sheet with an image reading device in a state where the folded sheet is unfolded; acquire first and second distances in the image information, the first and second distances being distances from first and second positions to a predetermined reference of the sheet, respectively, the first and second positions on a folding line of the sheet being separated by a predetermined distance; and detect an inclination of the folding line of the sheet based on the first and second distances.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus includes a processor configured to: acquire image information obtained by an image reading apparatus including an illumination unit having an uneven balance in an amount of light in a sub-scanning direction; and specify a position of a folding line in a sheet from the acquired image information. The acquiring by the processor includes acquiring first image information obtained by reading the sheet in a first state in which the folding line in the sheet is positioned in a direction intersecting the sub-scanning direction of the image reading apparatus, and second image information obtained by reading the sheet in a second state in which the sheet is directed to an opposite side to a side in the first state. The specifying by the processor includes specifying the position of the folding line in the sheet based on the first image information and the second image information.

Abstract: A method of producing a chemical product by continuous fermentation utilizes a separation membrane under conditions at a pH of not more than 3.5, wherein yeast having vanillin resistance is used to enable efficient production of a chemical product without leaving a large amount of fermentation feedstock unused, is provided.

Abstract: Lactic acid is obtained by a method including (A) a step of continuous fermentation wherein a fermentation culture medium of a microorganism having an ability of lactic acid fermentation is filtered through a porous membrane having an average pore size of not less than 0.01 ?m and less than 1 ?m with a transmembrane pressure difference within the range of 0.1 to 20 kPa, and the permeate is collected, while retaining the non-permeated liquid in or returning the non-permeated liquid to the culture, and adding a fermentation feedstock to the culture; (B) a step of filtering the permeate obtained in Step (A) through a nanofiltration membrane; and (C) a step of distilling the permeate obtained in Step (B) under a pressure of not less than 1 Pa and not more than atmospheric pressure, at 25° C. to 200° C. to recover lactic acid.