Abstract: An optical film for a back light unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The optical film includes a substrate, and a plurality of regions of spatially modulated microstructures on at least one side of the substrate. The spatially modulated microstructures have different sizes and/or shapes configured to create a gradient structure within each region. The gradient structure within each region is constructed and arranged to cause more spreading of light when positioned directly above an individual light emitting diode and less spreading of light at locations not directly above an individual light emitting diode. Within the back light unit, the gradient structure converts light beams emitted by the respective light emitting diode at different angles into a more uniform and higher on-axis luminance upon exiting the back light unit.

Abstract: A back light unit includes an array of LEDs positioned in rows and columns that emit light from a top surface. A light splitting optical film includes a plurality of inverted pyramids positioned on a first side facing the top surface of the array where each of the plurality of inverted pyramids forms an apex oriented in a direction away from the top surface of the array. A plurality of linear prisms is positioned in a parallel configuration on a second side facing away from the top surface of the array where at least some of the linear prisms form an apex being oriented such that a direction of the apex forms a desired angle with respect to a direction of a row of the array of light emitting diodes.

Abstract: An edge-lit back light unit for a backlit display includes a reflector, an edge-lit light guide film, a diffuser film, and a pair of crossed brightness enhancement films with increased efficiency. The diffuser film has an angular light distribution output that is matched to light acceptance angles of the pair of crossed brightness enhancement films to provide increased on-axis brightness without having to increase power to the edge-lit back light unit.

Abstract: A back light unit includes an array of LEDs positioned in rows and columns that emit light from a top surface. A light splitting optical film includes a plurality of inverted pyramids positioned on a first side facing the top surface of the array where each of the plurality of inverted pyramids forms an apex oriented in a direction away from the top surface of the array. A plurality of linear prisms is positioned in a parallel configuration on a second side facing away from the top surface of the array where at least some of the linear prisms form an apex being oriented such that a direction of the apex forms a desired angle with respect to a direction of a row of the array of light emitting diodes.

Abstract: An edge-lit back light unit for a backlit display includes a reflector, an edge-lit light guide film, a diffuser film, and a pair of crossed brightness enhancement films with increased efficiency. The diffuser film has an angular light distribution output that is matched to light acceptance angles of the pair of crossed brightness enhancement films to provide increased on-axis brightness without having to increase power to the edge-lit back light unit.

Abstract: A back light unit includes an array of light emitting diodes, at least two optical films positioned above the array of light emitting diodes, and a pair of brightness enhancement films positioned above the at least two optical films. A majority of the optical films are light splitting optical films having a plurality of light splitting microstructures on at least one surface thereof.

Abstract: An optical film for a back light unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The optical film includes a substrate, and a plurality of regions of spatially modulated microstructures on at least one side of the substrate. The spatially modulated microstructures have different sizes and/or shapes configured to create a gradient structure within each region. The gradient structure within each region is constructed and arranged to cause more spreading of light when positioned directly above an individual light emitting diode and less spreading of light at locations not directly above an individual light emitting diode. Within the back light unit, the gradient structure converts light beams emitted by the respective light emitting diode at different angles into a more uniform and higher on-axis luminance upon exiting the back light unit.

Abstract: A color conversion film for a backlight unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The color conversion film includes a substantially planar base portion, and a plurality of three-dimensional structures extending from the substantially planar base portion. Each of the three-dimensional structures has at least one sloped surface with a base angle of about 55°-75° relative to the substantially planar base portion. The color conversion film includes a material having a refractive index of about 1.5-1.7.

Abstract: An optical film for a back light unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The optical film includes a substrate, and a plurality of regions of spatially modulated microstructures on at least one side of the substrate. The spatially modulated microstructures have different sizes and/or shapes configured to create a gradient structure within each region. The gradient structure within each region is constructed and arranged to cause more spreading of light when positioned directly above an individual light emitting diode and less spreading of light at locations not directly above an individual light emitting diode. Within the back light unit, the gradient structure converts light beams emitted by the respective light emitting diode at different angles into a more uniform and higher on-axis luminance upon exiting the back light unit.

Abstract: A color conversion film for a backlight unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The color conversion film includes a substantially planar base portion, and a plurality of three-dimensional structures extending from the substantially planar base portion. Each of the three-dimensional structures has at least one sloped surface with a base angle of about 55°-75° relative to the substantially planar base portion. The color conversion film includes a material having a refractive index of about 1.5-1.7.

Abstract: A light transmissive substrate for transforming a Lambertian light distribution includes a base film having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, a plurality of first microstructures disposed on the first side of the base film and a plurality of first valleys. Each of the first valleys is defined by a pair of adjacent first microstructures. A filler material is disposed in the plurality of first valleys and defines a substantially planar surface spaced from and substantially parallel to the first side of the base film. The substrate also includes a plurality of second microstructures disposed on the substantially planar surface of the filler material and a plurality of second valleys. Each of the second valleys is defined by a pair of adjacent second microstructures.

Abstract: An edge-lit back light unit for a backlit display includes a reflector, an edge-lit light guide film, a diffuser film, and a pair of crossed brightness enhancement films with increased efficiency. The diffuser film has an angular light distribution output that is matched to light acceptance angles of the pair of crossed brightness enhancement films to provide increased on-axis brightness without having to increase power to the edge-lit back light unit.

Abstract: A color conversion film for a backlight unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The color conversion film includes a substantially planar base portion, and a plurality of three-dimensional structures extending from the substantially planar base portion. Each of the three-dimensional structures has at least one sloped surface with a base angle of about 55°-75° relative to the substantially planar base portion. The color conversion film includes a material having a refractive index of about 1.5-1.7.

Abstract: A back light unit includes an array of light emitting diodes, at least two optical films positioned above the array of light emitting diodes, and a pair of brightness enhancement films positioned above the at least two optical films. A majority of the optical films are light splitting optical films having a plurality of light splitting microstructures on at least one surface thereof.

Abstract: A back light unit includes an array of light emitting diodes, at least two optical films positioned above the array of light emitting diodes, and a pair of brightness enhancement films positioned above the at least two optical films. A majority of the optical films are light splitting optical films having a plurality of light splitting microstructures on at least one surface thereof.

Abstract: An optical film for a back light unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The optical film includes a substrate, and a plurality of regions of spatially modulated microstructures on at least one side of the substrate. The spatially modulated microstructures have different sizes and/or shapes configured to create a gradient structure within each region. The gradient structure within each region is constructed and arranged to cause more spreading of light when positioned directly above an individual light emitting diode and less spreading of light at locations not directly above an individual light emitting diode. Within the back light unit, the gradient structure converts light beams emitted by the respective light emitting diode at different angles into a more uniform and higher on-axis luminance upon exiting the back light unit.

Abstract: A light transmissive substrate for transforming a Lambertian light distribution includes a base film having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, a plurality of first microstructures disposed on the first side of the base film and a plurality of first valleys. Each of the first valleys is defined by a pair of adjacent first microstructures. A filler material is disposed in the plurality of first valleys and defines a substantially planar surface spaced from and substantially parallel to the first side of the base film. The substrate also includes a plurality of second microstructures disposed on the substantially planar surface of the filler material and a plurality of second valleys. Each of the second valleys is defined by a pair of adjacent second microstructures.

Abstract: A back light unit includes an array of light emitting diodes, at least two optical films positioned above the array of light emitting diodes, and a pair of brightness enhancement films positioned above the at least two optical films. A majority of the optical films are light splitting optical films having a plurality of light splitting microstructures on at least one surface thereof.

Abstract: Endohedral metallofullerene compounds, which in water has a relaxivity of about 30 mM?1 S?1 to about 300 mM?1 S?1 and forms a dispersion in water with entities having an average hydrodynamic radius of less than about 20 nm.

Abstract: Described herein are synthetically modified fullerene molecules, wherein the fullerene is preferably ellipsoid in shape with an equatorial band and two opposing poles, comprising an adduct at one or both poles, at least one adduct being a hydrophobic chemical moiety capable of anchoring the fullerene on or in a lipid membrane.