Abstract: An image forming apparatus that communicates with an external apparatus includes receiving local login information regarding a local login to the image forming apparatus, determining, if a request for a URL for authorization without web access authentication is received, whether an internal communication address is used, requesting, if it is determined that the internal communication address is used, authorization request for the external apparatus, and managing an authorization token acquired by requesting the authorization request and the local login information by associating the authorization token with the local login information.

Abstract: A method for managing a print job, even if there is a firewall between a print server and a printer, includes the print server managing print data and generating a print instruction program causing a client apparatus to execute a print instruction to a printer on a web browser. The client apparatus transmits a print instruction to a data processing unit of the printer, the client apparatus receives a device print job identifier issued by the data processing unit as a response to the print instruction, and the client apparatus notifies the print server of the received device print job identifier.

Abstract: A material is shaped and sintered into a compact using iron-based alloy powder containing Cr; and a nitriding treatment having no carburizing action is conducted to the compact so that a surface of the compact may have a mixed structure 3 of an Fe—Cr—N compound layer 2, an Fe—Cr—N diffused layer, and a matrix.

Abstract: A material is shaped and sintered into a compact using iron-based alloy powder containing Cr; and a nitriding treatment having no carburizing action is conducted to the compact so that a surface of the compact may have a mixed structure 3 of an Fe—Cr—N compound layer 2, an Fe—Cr—N diffused layer, and a matrix.