Abstract: An electrolytic cell using an oxygen cathode, for use in an ion-exchange membrane electrolytic soda process or the like, the electrolytic cell having; a structure, wherein, for effective supply and discharge of a caustic liquid and for an effective handling of a caustic liquid leakage, provided on an outer-side edge of the electrolytic cell are an upper chamber as a caustic liquid discharge outlet, a lower chamber as a caustic liquid introduction inlet, and a caustic-liquid room frame connected via a caustic liquid passage to thereby reduce a caustic liquid leakage; a structure, wherein a lower gas chamber is provided at the lower outer end of a cathode element to thereby handle a caustic liquid leakage from a gas diffusion electrode to a gas room; or a structure which uses a gas-liquid permeating gas diffusion electrode to supply an oxygen gas from an upper chamber communicating with a gas room and discharge a gas and a caustic liquid into a lower chamber.

Abstract: An electricity leading method for a gas diffusion electrode is provided, by which a gas diffusion electrode is easily fixed to a cathode current collecting frame, the contact part has reduced electrical resistance, even an electrically insulating mesh sheet can be utilized as a gas chamber, and only the gas diffusion electrode can be replaced in renewal of the electrode. The method includes preparing a gas diffusion electrode by sandwiching a conductor made of a highly conductive metallic mesh or spongy processed material in catalyst layers or attaching a catalyst layer onto the conductor while leaving the conductor exposed in the outer periphery of the electrode, and electrically connecting the exposed part of the conductor to a cathode chamber current collecting frame.

Abstract: A sodium chloride electrolytic cell is provided, comprising a gas diffusion electrode that allows smooth supply and discharge of catholyte for electrolyzing sodium chloride and allows oxygen gas to come in good contact therewith. The sodium chloride electrolytic cell comprises an anode chamber having an anode into which an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and a cathode chamber having the foregoing gas diffusion electrode for producing an alkaline aqueous solution, the anode chamber and the cathode chamber being divided by an ion exchange membrane. The sodium chloride electrolytic cell is arranged to effect electrolysis in such a manner that there occurs no pressure differential between the catholyte chamber and the gas chamber in the gas diffusion electrode. Further, a nickel mesh substance is fitted in a concave portion having the same size as that of the gas diffusion electrode formed in the central portion of a thin nickel plate.

Abstract: A process for hot working a continuous-cast bloom or a steel ingot, the process comprising the steps of: (1) cooling a bloom produced by continuous casting or a steel ingot produced with a mold to bring the surface temperature thereof to 50.degree. to 150.degree. C. higher than the Ar.sub.3 transformation point thereof; (2) quenching the bloom or the steel ingot in such a way that its interior remains red hot while the surface is transformed to have a bainite structure; and (3) heating the bloom or the steel ingot in a furnace followed by hot shaping.

Abstract: The method for bypassing the electric current of at least one cell of an electrolytic apparatus includes a series combination of a resistor and a switch connected in parallel to the terminals of the cell to be repaired or replaced. In another embodiment a plurality of said series combinations may be connected in parallel to each other and be connected in parallel to the terminals of the cell to be bypassed.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell having a plurality of porous and tubular cathodes, a plurality of porous anodes and a plurality of bag-shaped molds being formed by a cation exchange membrane in at least the portions facing and between the vertical faces of the anode and cathodes. The anode accommodating bag-shaped molds have apertures at the bottom through which anode connected electroconductive bars extend, said bars being inserted through and secured at corresponding cell bottom plate apertures by flanges. A partition plate, on the top of the cell main body, has a plurality of openings which correspond to the open tops of the bag-shaped molds. The open top edges of the bag-shaped molds are secured to the partition plate openings by a plurality of lid members.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell for the ion exchange membrane method, which comprises:(a) an electrolytic cell main body;(b) a lid covering the(c) porous and hollow tubular cathodes disposed in the body;(d) a bottom plate having apertures through which an electrically conductive bar can be extended;(e) electrically conductive bars provided with a flange at a lower portion thereof, each inserted through the apertures of the bottom plate into the interior of the body and secured to the bottom plate by the flange;(f) porous anodes each connected to the electrically conductive bar and placed vertically in a face-face relation to the cathode, and disposed between the cathodes;(g) bag-shaped elements, portions of which facing the anodes and the cathodes are formed by a cation exchange membrane, the bottom of which has at least one aperture through which the electrically conductive bar can be extended, and which have each an open top; and(h) a partition plate having openings, which plate is on the top of the body,whereinone or