Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for chromatography are provided, using, for example, water as a stationary phase and carbon dioxide as the mobile phase.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for chromatography are provided, using, for example, water as a stationary phase and carbon dioxide as the mobile phase.

Abstract: Improved operating modes of a micro counter-current flame ionization detector (?FID) are demonstrated. By operating the flame inside the end of a capillary gas chromatography (GC) column, the effective cell volume enclosing the flame is considerably reduced and results in significantly lower gas flows being required to produce optimal sensitivity from the stable flame. In a post-column ?FID arrangement, a very lean flame is now situated on the end of a stainless steel capillary delivering 10 mL/min of hydrogen, which is opposed by a counter-current flow of only 20 mL/min of oxygen. The ?FID detection limit obtained in this stable, oxygen-rich counter-current flame mode is 7×10?11 gC/s with a response that is linear over 6 orders of magnitude. These findings are comparable to those of a conventional FID.