Abstract: An artificial medium on which two or more conductive surfaces are provided in a thickness direction, the conductive surface being provided with conductive elements in a two-dimensional periodic array, wherein when an electromagnetic wave propagated in parallel to the thickness direction is incident on the artificial medium, a current excited by the electromagnetic wave increases in an operation frequency, and a current loop is formed in a surface parallel to the thickness direction is provided.

Abstract: An image display device having an electro-optical medium interposed between a pair of electrode substrates composing a matrix electrode, a driving circuit for driving the electro-optical medium by selectively applying a voltage on the matrix electrode and a reference voltage generator for supplying the driving circuit with a predetermined driving voltage. A noise compensating circuit is interposed between the driving circuit and the reference voltage generator, the noise compensating circuit detecting a noise in a voltage supplied from the reference voltage generator to the electro-optical medium at a predetermined noise detecting position, forming a noise compensating voltage having a first polarity reverse to a second polarity of the noise by using the noise, and supplying the noise compensating voltage to the driving circuit.