Abstract: Variations in the size of a linear pattern resulting from difference in mask pattern layout are prevented by setting the perimeter of the linear pattern per unit area in a specified range irrespective of the type of a semiconductor integrated circuit device or by adjusting a process condition in accordance with type-to-type difference in the perimeter of the linear pattern per unit area.

Abstract: A hood for an endoscope which is detachably mounted near a distal end portion of the endoscope. The hood has a balloon adapted to be expanded into a substantially cylindrical configuration by injecting a fluid into the balloon, and to be contracted by discharging the fluid out of the balloon. A visual field of the endoscope can be secured by expanding the balloon, and can be prevented from being shaded by contracting the balloon.

Abstract: The present invention provides an endoscope having an opening of a channel tube retracted from a distal end face having an observation window of the insert therein toward a proximal end side. When a plurality of polyps are removed, a picked-up polyp is moved back from the distal end face of the insert toward the proximal side of the insert in order for the picked-up polyp not to interfere with observation by the endoscope and operation by a cutting tool extending through the endoscope channel.

Abstract: An endoscope system in accordance with the present invention comprises a plurality of endoscope modules having different treatment instruments mounted therein, an endoscope to which the endoscope modules can be attached, and a coupling member fixed to the distal part of an insertion unit of the endoscope and used to make the plurality of endoscope modules freely exchangeable. The plurality of endoscope modules having the different treatment instruments mounted therein are freely exchangeable to be coupled to the distal part of the insertion unit of the endoscope.