Abstract: An improvement of coercive force of Nd—Fe—B base sintered magnet can be realized while suppressing a decrease in remanent magnetic flux density to the minimum using a method for modifying grain boundary which comprises heat-treating an Nd—Fe—B base magnet with a specific alloy disposed on its surface, the alloy having the following Formula 1: RxAyBz??(1) wherein R represents at least one rare earth element including Sc and Y, A represents Ca or Li, B represents an unavoidable impurity, and 2?x?99, 1?y<x, and 0?z<y.

Abstract: An aromatic organic solvent solution of a methanesulfonic acid alkyl ester having high thermal stability is obtained by reacting an alkyl alcohol with methanesulfonyl chloride in an aromatic organic solvent in the presence of a tertiary amine, and washing the resulting aromatic organic solvent solution of a crude methanesulfonic acid alkyl ester with an aqueous alkali metal carbonate solution. The washing is performed using the aqueous alkali metal carbonate solution having a concentration of 1 to 3 mass % in an amount of 4 to 6 parts by mass per 1 part by mass of the alkyl alcohol.

Abstract: An aromatic organic solvent solution of a methanesulfonic acid alkyl ester having high thermal stability is obtained by reacting an alkyl alcohol with methanesulfonyl chloride in an aromatic organic solvent in the presence of a tertiary amine, and washing the resulting aromatic organic solvent solution of a crude methanesulfonic acid alkyl ester with an aqueous alkali metal carbonate solution. The washing is performed using the aqueous alkali metal carbonate solution having a concentration of 1 to 3 mass% in an amount of 4 to 6 parts by mass per 1 part by mass of the alkyl alcohol.

Abstract: A method of producing an optically active cyanohydrin compound represented by formula (3), which includes reacting an aldehyde compound represented by formula (2) with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a silyl compound and an asymmetric complex which is obtained by reacting an optically active pyridine compound represented by formula (1) with an aluminum halide, and wherein Q1, Q2, R1 and R2 are defined in the specification.

Abstract: A benzaldehyde acetal compound of formula (3): (wherein Q represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, Ar represents a phenyl group optionally substituted with at least one selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and halogen atoms, and R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms).

Abstract: A process for producing a trichloropyrimidine compound represented by the formula (2): wherein R represents a hydrogen atom etc., comprising reacting a dihydroxypyrimidine compound represented by the formula (1): wherein R represents the same meaning as above, with sulfuryl chloride and at least one chlorinating agent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride, thionyl chloride, phosgene, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride and phosphorus trichloride in the presence of an organic base.

Abstract: A process for producing a sulfonyl chloride compound comprising: (A) a step comprising reacting a pyridazine compound represented by the formula (1): wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom or atoms, or the like, R2 and R3 are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or the like, R4 represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom or atoms, or the like, with a sulfonating agent; (B) a step comprising contacting the reaction mixture obtained in the step (A) with a chlorinating agent; and (C) a step comprising mixing the reaction mixture obtained in the step (B) with an aqueous inorganic base solution to separate an organic layer containing a sulfonyl chloride compound represented by the formula (2): wherein R1 to R4 are the same meanings as defined above.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a benzaldehyde compound represented by the formula (4): wherein Q1 and Q2 represent an alkyl group etc., n represents 1 or 2, and Ar represents a phenyl group etc., including the steps of reacting a compound represented by the formula (3): wherein X1 represents a chlorine atom etc., and Q1, Q2, n and Ar are respectively the same meaning as above, with magnesium metal to obtain a Grignard compound and then reacting the obtained Grignard compound with a formylating agent.

Abstract: A method of producing an optically active cyanohydrin compound represented by formula (3) (wherein, Q1 and Q2 are as defined below, and * represents that the indicated carbon atom is the optically active center) comprising reacting an aldehyde compound represented by formula (2) (wherein, Q1 and Q2 represent each independently a hydrogen atom, optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or the like) with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a silyl compound and an asymmetric complex which is obtained by reacting an optically active pyridine compound represented by formula (1) (wherein, R1 and R2 represent each independently a hydrogen atom, alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or the like, provided that R1 and R2 are not the same.) with an aluminum halide.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a benzaldehyde compound represented by the formula (2): wherein Q1 and Q2 represent a hydrogen atom etc., including the step of reacting a compound represented by the formula (1): wherein X represents a chlorine atom etc., and Q1 and Q2 are respectively the same meaning as above, with a secondary nitroalkane and a base in the presence of an alkali metal iodide.

Abstract: A benzaldehyde acetal compound of formula (3): (wherein Q represents a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom, Ar represents a phenyl group optionally substituted with at least one selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and halogen atoms, and R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms).

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a benzaldehyde compound represented by the formula (2): wherein Q1 and Q2 represent a hydrogen atom etc., including the step of reacting a compound represented by the formula (1): wherein X represents a chlorine atom etc., and Q1 and Q2 are respectively the same meaning as above, with a secondary nitroalkane and a base in the presence of an alkali metal iodide.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a benzaldehyde compound represented by the formula (4): wherein Q1 and Q2 represent an alkyl group etc., n represents 1 or 2, and Ar represents a phenyl group etc., including the steps of reacting a compound represented by the formula (3): wherein X1 represents a chlorine atom etc., and Q1, Q2, n and Ar are respectively the same meaning as above, with magnesium metal to obtain a Grignard compound and then reacting the obtained Grignard compound with a formylating agent.

Abstract: A process for producing a trichloropyrimidine compound represented by the formula (2): wherein R represents a hydrogen atom etc., comprising reacting a dihydroxypyrimidine compound represented by the formula (1): wherein R represents the same meaning as above, with sulfuryl chloride and at least one chlorinating agent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride, thionyl chloride, phosgene, phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride and phosphorus trichloride in the presence of an organic base.

Abstract: A process for producing a sulfonyl chloride compound comprising: (A) a step comprising reacting a pyridazine compound represented by the formula (1): wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom or atoms, or the like, R2 and R3 are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or the like, R4 represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom or atoms, or the like, with a sulfonating agent; (B) a step comprising contacting the reaction mixture obtained in the step (A) with a chlorinating agent; and (C) a step comprising mixing the reaction mixture obtained in the step (B) with an aqueous inorganic base solution to separate an organic layer containing a sulfonyl chloride compound represented by the formula (2): wherein R1 to R4 are the same meanings as defined above.

Abstract: An image pickup apparatus relating to the present invention includes an image pickup optical system with variable power for forming an image of an subject; an image pickup element for photo-electrically converting the image; and a drive member for moving the image pickup element or at least a part of the image pickup optical system in a direction different from an optical axis of the image pickup optical system. The drive member moves the image pickup element or at least a part of the image pickup optical system when power of the image pickup optical system is varied, to correct a movement of the image due to varying the power. Alternatively, the drive member is driven by an operation of an external member of the image pickup apparatus to shift a shooting area of the image.

Abstract: A method by a server of transmitting pass/fail information of an exam to an examinee terminal of an examinee via a network is disclosed. The method includes transmitting a confirmation mail asking whether to require the pass/fail information; receiving a response mail; recording reception time at which the server receives the response mail; determining, based on the reception time, an order in which to transmit a pass/fail information address at which the pass/fail information is located; and transmitting the pass/fail information address to a predetermined number of the examinee terminals depending on the transmission order and a load on the server. When the pass/fail information is released, the transmitting system can avoid the concentration of accesses to the pass/fail information from the examinees, and further avoid overload on the network and system.

Abstract: A torsion angle detection apparatus, wherein a pair of optical type of encoders are disposed on the coaxial center at a proper interval in the axial direction, and also, the measured shaft is inserted into the axial center position thereof and is secured to the rotary portion of each of the encoders, so that the torsion angle of the measured shaft may be detected with high accuracy and high speed response property from the difference in the detection position by each encoder by the use of an optical type of encoder of high resolution.high speed response property.

Abstract: A position detector for use in, for example, a robot hand can detect any of a plurality of positions on a movable element. The position detector includes a coding member having a first row of absolute codes and a second row of incremental codes both formed therein in a direction of movement thereof. Positional data in binary codes are serially recorded in the first row whereas regularly formed incremental codes corresponding to respective binary codes are recorded in the second row. The position detector further includes a plurality of light emitting and receiving elements for detecting the codes of the first and second rows and a serial-parallel converter for converting serially detected binary codes of the first row to parallel rows of binary codes based upon detection signals of the second row. The binary codes in each parallel row are equal in number to recording bits of the positional data.

Abstract: A motor control system is disclosed which includes an encoder for generating pulses in proportion to the rotational amount of the motor. A speed instructing unit provides a speed instruction for the desired rotational speed of the motor. A speed control unit calculates (1) the actual rotational speed of the motor based on the pulse signal from the encoder and (2) a voltage to be applied to the motor and outputs a PWM signal which represents the actual motor speed. The PWM signal is identical with the voltage to be applied to the motor. This arrangement ensures that the motor speed will follow the speed instruction. A driver unit supplies electric power to the motor by amplifying the PWM signal.