Abstract: A surgical manipulator system comprising at least one surgical manipulator, at least one guide, a detector, and a drive controller. The surgical manipulator has a surgical device for performing a desired operation. The guide guides the surgical device. The detector detects a position and/or orientation relationship between the surgical device and the guide, and/or a position and/or orientation relationship between the surgical device and another surgical device. The drive controller controls the surgical manipulator such that the surgical device is guided by the guide.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for gene therapy to transfer or introduce, in vivo, a gene for treatment into a cell located at a target portion of a patient, so that the gene can be transferred with a high probability within a short period of time. The apparatus is applicable to all cell species. In addition to simple supply of a gene to the cell of the patient, the gene is forcibly transferred to the cell without depending on natural cellular physiology. For example, catheters are mounted on a probe inserted into a body cavity, and the gene is supplied from a reservoir which stores the gene to the surface of a human living cell of the target portion in the body cavity through needle cannulas attached to the distal ends of the catheters. A pulse voltage is applied to the needle cannulas to form a pore in the surface of the human living cell upon application of the pulse voltage. The gene is transferred into the human living cell through the pore.

Abstract: An endoscope system includes a movement detector for detecting an operator's movement, a signal processor for processing a signal the detector detects, and a control for controlling drive which drives a medical device according to an output signal of the signal processor. The endoscope system bends a bending section of an endoscope serving as a medical device according to the operator's movement, and thus orients the observation field of view to a direction the operator intends or controls the movement of a treatment adapter serving as a medical device. The endoscope system includes a superimposing means for superimposing an image associated with the operator's movement onto an image acquired by an imaging device associated with the endoscope system.

Abstract: An actuator apparatus for driving a focus adjusting lens of a focus adjusting mechanism of an endoscope comprises a moving member put in slidable frictional engagement with a base of the endoscope, the moving member having coupling means for coupling with the movable portion within the endoscope, a piezoelectric element coupled to the moving member, the piezoelectric element and the moving member alone constituting a body of the actuator apparatus, and actuator control circuit for causing quick deformation in the piezoelectric element, enabling the piezoelectric element to apply an impulse force to the moving member, thereby moving the moving member against a frictional engagement force acting between the base and the moving member.

Abstract: A medical system has a detecting device for detecting three dimensional image information about a living body, a signal processing circuit for processing the image signal transmitted from the detecting device, and an object information reproduction device. The object information reproduction device comprises a movable displacement element which is touched by the operator and acts according to the output from the signal processing circuit so as to cause the operator to tactually sense information about the object. Thus, the operator is able to recognize the degree of unevenness in a tactile manner by touching the displacement element. Other embodiments include means for sensing and reproducing hardness and temperature of the object.

Abstract: A medical system according to the present invention comprises a medical apparatus including an operation unit manipulated by a surgeon and a treatment section formed away from the operation unit for treating a subject, a detector or a pressure sensor for detecting a state of contact between the subject and the treatment section, and a reproduction mechanism for amplifying a small contact pressure according to the output of the detector and thus reproduce the state of contact so that the surgeon can perceive the state of contact.

Abstract: An aqueous resin composition comprising a neutralization product of an isocyanurate group-containing maleinized alkyd resin having an acid value of 5 to 65 in an aqueous medium, said maleinized alkyd resin being prepared by maleinizing an alkyd resin having an acid value of not more than 10 and a hydroxyl value of not more than 10 which is the product of condensation reaction of(A) 20 to 60% by weight of at least one of drying or semi-drying oils and fatty acids,(B) 10 to 45% by weight of at least one tris(hydroxyalkyl) isocyanurate,(C) 0 to 45% by weight of at least one polyhydric alcohol other than the component (B),(D) 10 to 45% by weight of at least one polybasic acid, and(E) 0 to 15% by weight of at least one monobasic acidand an aqueous emulsion resin composition obtained by emulsion polymerization of a radical polymerizable unsaturated monomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of the aforesaid neutralization product.