Abstract: The surgical microscope comprises a stand, an arm movably attached to said stand for sustaining a microscope body, an electric control equipment divided into a plural number of units removably piled up on said stand and a foot switch unit to be used for executing various types of functions. Accommodated in each unit are a function control means having a single specific function or plural specific functions different from those of the other units and an independent power source means connected to said function control means in a relation of 1:1 or in a different combination. The surgical microscope can be designed compact as a whole, has high operability and assures high security during operation. Should a function be lost due to troubles during operation, the surgical microscope prevents the other functions from being influenced by the troubles and allows to speedily restore the lost function.

Abstract: The disclosed apparatus quickly measures ionic concentration of an electrolyte with an ion sensitive electrode means, by using a number of measuring cups disposed along a circle on a turntable and a series of treating stages fixed along but outside the turntable so as to face different measuring cups as the turntable stops at different angular positions, whereby various treatments necessary for the ionic concentration measurement are carried out simultaneously in parallel at different measuring cups, so as to shorten the measuring time of the ionic concentration.

Abstract: A position controlling device including a shielding plate which can be moved by a motor, three pairs of light emitting elements and light receiving elements arranged on both sides of the shielding plate and a motor controlling circuit which can control the normal rotation, reverse rotation and stop of the motor with output signals from the light receiving elements and a foot switch or centering switch simple in the formation and making no misoperation with a noise.

Abstract: A chemical substance detection apparatus comprising a plurality of chemically sensitive elements constructed as an insulation gate field effect transistor formed on one or different substrates and including chemically sensitive portions selectively sensitive to different specified substances and one reference electrode, at least the chemically sensitive portions as well as the one reference electrode being brought into contact with the same test substance so as to detect various specified substances in the test substance, characterized by comprising reference resistors, first amplifiers operative to adjust gain thereof, a differential amplifier in common to all of said amplifiers and applying its output voltage to the reference electrode and a reference gate bias voltage source connected to the input terminals of the differential amplifier and supplying the reference gate bias voltage thereto.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting an in-focused condition of optical systems by using two values of indices of performance each derived from the number of differences between illumination signals obtained per picture element, comprising first and second image sensors arranged in front of and in the rear of a focal plane of the optical system, first and second analog data processing circuits, and a comparing means.

Abstract: A reversed image sensing apparatus comprising an image sensor composed of a charge transfer element including photosensitive elements arranged in a picture element unit, an optical system including a focusing lens and a light source and focusing an image recorded on a recording medium onto said image sensor, a voltage inverting circuit operative to receive the output video signal from said image sensor and produce a reversed video signal, a photosensitive element operative to detect the brightness of said light source, and a compensating circuit operative to automatically correct said reversed video signal on the basis of the brightness signal delivered from said photosensitive element in response to charge in said light source.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the in-focusing conditions for use in an optical machinery such as cameras, microscopes or endoscopes is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a light receiver arranged with an angle of inclination against an image surface of an optical system and consisting of a plurality of charge transfer elements aligned as a picture element array; means for deriving illuminance signals from the picture element array of the light receiver and means for treating the illuminance signals to detect the in-focused position of the optical system.

Abstract: In measurement of signals containing noise at a known frequency, a method to eliminate noise at a known frequency of T so adapted as to obtain correct value of the signal free from noise by repeating measurements of signal levels at time interval of T/2 and averaging the values obtained by said measurements.

Abstract: A photometric system for use in an image pick-up device is disclosed. The photometric system comprises the steps of forming an image focussed by a camera lens system on a light receiver consisting of a plurality of charge transfer elements arranged in a picture element array; selectively deriving luminance signals of amplitude having a value within a range of about .+-.2 exposure values around a reference exposure value corresponding to a mean value between a maximum value and a minimum value of the amplitude of the luminance signals; and seeking a mean value of the selected luminance signals to photometrically measure the light of automatically selected portions on the average.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the in-focusing conditions is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a light guide member having light incident end arranged along a plane which is placed at an angle of inclination against a predetermined focal plane of an optical system; a light receiver arranged near a light outlet end of the light guide member and consisting of a plurality of charge transfer elements arranged to receive light from the outlet end as a picture element array; means for deriving illuminance signals from the picture element array of the light receiver; and means for treating the illuminance signals to detect the in-focused position of the optical system.

Abstract: A projection apparatus for optical systems such as a projection type microscope or the like, which is adapted to project an image of a sample disposed on a movable stage onto a television monitor screen and display it thereon, and which comprises an image sensor composed of a charge transfer element including photosensitive elements aligned with a picture element and operative to receive the image of the sample to be projected; a driving circuit for scanning the image sensor; a television monitor for displaying a video signal obtained from the image sensor when it is scanned by the driving circuit; a memory device for storing the television signal; a stage movement detecting circuit for detecting the movement of the stage; a timer circuit for generating a signal everytime a given time elapses; and a drive control circuit device, when the stage is moving, becomes operative to operate the driving circuit on the basis of the output from the stage movement detecting circuit so as to scan the image sensor everytim

Abstract: An apparatus for automatic diagnosis of cells comprises a microscope, a scanning stage on the microscope, a sample carrier used to feed a sample to the scanning stage automatically, an automatic focussing mechanism, a detector assembly for detecting the light absorbance of the sample, and computation means. The computation means controls the operation of the components mentioned and automatically performs the processing of data obtained from the detector assembly, whereby the overall operation from the supply of cells to the diagnostic determination thereof is fully automated.