Abstract: The range of electric currents that can be assumed by a supply electric current is categorized into a plurality of electric current ranges, where, for each electric current range category, there are combinations of functions, wherein the total value for the electric current required is less than the upper limit value, and no less than the lower limit value, for the electric current range established, and a table wherein these combinations are established is stored in memory. An actual value is detected for a supply current I to ascertain the category of electric current to which the supply electric current I applies, the combination of functions established for the applicable category of electric currents is read out from the table, and operation of the function circuit portions for the functions of the combination that has been read out is enabled, and operation of the other function circuit portions is disabled.

Abstract: A voltage/current converting circuit is provided in a stage prior to a communication circuit. An over-current preventing circuit is incorporated into the voltage/current converting circuit The voltage/current converting circuit converts a DC voltage signal into a DC electric current signal, and converts an AC voltage signal into an AC electric current signal. Moreover, the voltage/current converting circuit keeps the excessively large electric current that would flow into the internal circuitry thereof to no more than a predetermined electric current value (for example, no more than 30 mA) when the positioner is connected in error to the voltage source side without a load resistance connected.

Abstract: In a constant current circuit, a constant current is caused to flow through a resistor, thereby causing a constant voltage to occur across the resistor. This constant voltage is then superimposed on an output signal of an operational amplifier that is to be fed back to the drain of a field effect transistor, thereby maintaining the same potential in an AC manner between the output terminal of the operational amplifier and the drain of the field effect transistor. In this way, the gate and drain of the field effect transistor is caused to exhibit the same potential in an AC manner, so that no current will occur through the stray capacitance between the gate and drain of the field effect transistor. As a result, similarly to a case of using a feedback capacitor, the input impedance of the field effect transistor can be raised.

Abstract: In a constant current circuit, a constant current is caused to flow through a resistor, thereby causing a constant voltage to occur across the resistor. This constant voltage is then superimposed on an output signal of an operational amplifier that is to be fed back to the drain of a field effect transistor, thereby maintaining the same potential in an AC manner between the output terminal of the operational amplifier and the drain of the field effect transistor. In this way, the gate and drain of the field effect transistor is caused to exhibit the same potential in an AC manner, so that no current will occur through the stray capacitance between the gate and drain of the field effect transistor. As a result, similarly to a case of using a feedback capacitor, the input impedance of the field effect transistor can be raised.

Abstract: An electromagnetic flowmeter includes a coil, exciting section, noise eliminating section, and arithmetic processing section. The coil applies a magnetic field to a fluid flowing in a pipe line. The exciting section supplies an exciting current to the coil. The noise eliminating section eliminates noise from a measurement signal detected from the fluid under excitation by using a differential frequency component between a commercial power frequency and an exciting frequency. The arithmetic processing section calculates a measurement flow rate on the basis of the measurement signal output from the noise eliminating section.

Abstract: An electromagnetic flowmeter includes a coil, exciting section, noise eliminating section, and arithmetic processing section. The coil applies a magnetic field to a fluid flowing in a pipe line. The exciting section supplies an exciting current to the coil. The noise eliminating section eliminates noise from a measurement signal detected from the fluid under excitation by using a differential frequency component between a commercial power frequency and an exciting frequency. The arithmetic processing section calculates a measurement flow rate on the basis of the measurement signal output from the noise eliminating section.

Abstract: A heater comprising: a cylindrical metal shell having an engagement portion, the portion having a narrowed diameter; a cylindrical heating tube comprising a closed top end, a fitting portion, a smaller diameter portion, a base end side-larger diameter portion and a top end side-larger diameter portion, wherein a base end of the heating tube protrudes into an inside of the metal shell, the fitting portion is fitted into the engagement portion in interference fit, the smaller diameter portion comprises the base end of the heating tube, the smaller diameter portion has a smaller outer diameter than an inner diameter of the engagement portion, the base end side-larger diameter portion is formed between the fitting portion and the smaller diameter portion, the base end side-larger diameter portion has an outer diameter larger than or equal to the inner diameter of the engagement portion, the top end side-larger diameter portion is formed adjacent to a top end side of the fitting portion, and the top end side-large

Abstract: A heater comprising: a cylindrical metal shell having an engagement portion, the portion having a narrowed diameter; a cylindrical heating tube comprising a closed top end, a fitting portion, a smaller diameter portion, a base end side-larger diameter portion and a top end side-larger diameter portion, wherein a base end of the heating tube protrudes into an inside of the metal shell, the fitting portion is fitted into the engagement portion in interference fit, the smaller diameter portion comprises the base end of the heating tube, the smaller diameter portion has a smaller outer diameter than an inner diameter of the engagement portion, the base end side-larger diameter portion is formed between the fitting portion and the smaller diameter portion, the base end side-larger diameter portion has an outer diameter larger than or equal to the inner diameter of the engagement portion, the top end side-larger diameter portion is formed adjacent to a top end side of the fitting portion, and the top end side-large

Abstract: The present invention relates to a joining method, a joining apparatus and a joining agent capable of joining two bodies to be jointed in a large size or in a complicated shape in a good joining condition. Specially, the present invention is to provide an improvement in a control of the current supplying method applicable for the electrically heating of the ceramic bodies or a joining agent in an electric conduction (a elecrode switching type due to a plurality of fixed electrodes and a switching control type between two kinds of the electric power sources), a control method of a auxiliary heating, a control of the holding apparatus (the control by the free thermal expansion at the pre-heating, a adaption of a balance mechanism and a measurement of the displacement), the adjustment of the shape at the butted portion (improvement of the pipe joint structure) and a joining agent superior in the joining strength.

Abstract: The present invention related to a method for joining ceramic members and an insertion member to be employed in the joining method. In the present invention, ceramic members are heated by the induction heating in a state that a heating ceramic member having a conductivity larger than those of the ceramic members to be jointed is intervened between the ceramic members to be jointed. In this induction heating, the heating ceramic member having a larger conductivity is mainly heated and the temperature of the butting portion is raised up to a temperature needed to join the ceramic members. Upon joining the ceramic members, it is desirable to press the butting portion but is not necessarily needed. In the case without the pressing, it is desirable to form a layer of a joining agent on each of the butting surfaces of the heating insertion member beforehand.

Abstract: A stabilized polysilazane obtained by reacting an inorganic polysilazane having a number average molecular weight of about 100 to about 100,000 with an alcohol, an organic acid, an ester, a ketone, an aldehyde, a mercaptan, or an alkysilazane preferably at a molar ratio of from 50/50 to 99.99/0.01 is described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a joining method, a joining apparatus and a joining agent capable of joining two bodies to be jointed in a large size or in a complicated shape in a good joining condition. Specially, the present invention is to provide an improvement in a control of the current supplying method applicable for the electrically heating of the ceramic bodies or a joining agent in an electric conduction (a elecrode switching type due to a plurality of fixed electrodes and a switching control type between two kinds of the electric power sources), a control method of a auxiliary heating, a control of the holding apparatus (the control by the free thermal expansion at the pre-heating, a adaption of a balance mechanism and a measurement of the displacement), the adjustment of the shape at the butted portion (improvement of the pipe joint structure) and a joining agent superior in the joining strength.

Abstract: Described in a joining agent for joining electrically ceramic bodies by heating the joining agent inserted at the parts to be jointed between the ceramic bodies with an electric current flowing predominantly through the joining agent at high temperature. The joining agent is superior in the wetability and reactivity with the ceramics to ensure the joint part strength. The joining agent includes, as an electric conductor, an electric conductive component made of an ion conductor consisting of fluoride, chloride, and/or oxide, which forms carrier ions by the pre-heating and has an electric conductivity higher than that of the ceramic body at the electric current supplying time. During the supplying electric current to time, the joining agent has the electric resistance increased gradually at the molten state of the joining agent by decreasing the density or the mobility of the carrier ions.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electric joining method of a body to be jointed including the butted portion of at least between electroconductive ceramics to be jointed or between an electroconductive ceramics and a metal to be jointed, whereby the body to be jointed is electrically jointed while the thermal stress generated at the ceramics materials to be jointed is eased. In the electric joining method according to the present invention, at least a pair of electrodes are brought to butt against the materials to be jointed holding at least one or more butted portions therebetween, with a joining agent interposed at the butted portions. Moreover, there provided are a first heating means for heating the materials to be jointed between the electrodes by Joule heat through impression of a voltage between the electrodes and, a second heating means for heating a part of said materials to be jointed and its vicinity where a large temperature gradient is formed only by the first heating means.

Abstract: A photovoltaic device comprising at least one crystalline and one amorphous semiconductor region with different photosensitivity is provided to absorb light in a wide range of wavelength, and serves, for example, as a solar battery or a color sensor. Amorphous or microcrystalline semiconductor regions comprising those devices can be deposited easily and in a continuous manufacturing process by the use of a low temperature process, and this allows manufacture of a photovoltaic device at low cost.