Abstract: A two-step optimization process is utilized to define an optimal phase profile for a LCoS spatial light modulator. The two-step optimization process first utilizes a nonlinear constrained optimization (NCO) program to determine the specific parameters required to obtain an optimal phase profile (hologram), where the “optimal phase profile” is typically defined as that profile which achieves maximum diffraction efficiency for optical switching. Following this first step, phase scaling (and perhaps an adjustment in the number of pixels per period) is employed to slightly modify the values of the optimal phase profile to effectively suppress crosstalk peaks. If any orders still exhibit an unacceptable level of crosstalk, these orders are then subtracted from the phase profile to create the final design.

Abstract: An optical magnification system comprises two Pancharatnam lenses, and provides a first magnification for left-hand circularly polarized light and a second magnification different from the first magnification for right-hand circularly polarized light. An optical magnification system comprises two lenses, each having different focal lengths for left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized light, respectively, and configured to provide a first magnification for left-handed circularly polarized light and a second magnification different from the first magnification for right-handed circularly polarized light.

Abstract: The invention provides a positive/negative phase shift bimetallic zone plate and production method thereof, wherein the positive/negative phase shift bimetallic zone plate comprises: a first metallic material having a positive phase shift; a second metallic material having a negative phase shift at a working energy point; wherein the first metallic material and the second metallic material are alternately arranged, so that the second metallic material replaces the blank portion in a cycle of a traditional zone plate.

Abstract: The invention provides a positive/negative phase shift bimetallic zone plate and production method thereof, wherein the positive/negative phase shift bimetallic zone plate comprises: a first metallic material having a positive phase shift; a second metallic material having a negative phase shift at a working energy point; wherein the first metallic material and the second metallic material are alternately arranged, so that the second metallic material replaces the blank portion in a cycle of a traditional zone plate.

Abstract: A hard X-ray grating phase-contrast imaging apparatus with large field-of-view, high contrast and low dose and the method thereof. The apparatus includes a source emitter (31), a source grating (G0), a beam splitting grating (G1), an analyzer grating (G2) and a detector (32) arranged in sequence on a transmission path of the source emitter (31). The beam splitting grating (G1) has a period of 30 to 50 ?m and a depth to width ratio not greater than 20. The apparatus can provide a high image contrast and a low radiation dose and realize a phase-contrast imaging with high energy and a large field-of-view by increasing the grating period, increasing a duty cycle of the beam splitting grating while increasing the distance between an object and the analyzer grating. The apparatus can also utilize the conventional polychromatic X-ray sources and available process for manufacturing gratings, and be suitable for clinical use.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a compound of the general formula (I) wherein R1 represents a group selected from the list consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, linear or branched, saturated or mono- or polyunsaturated aliphatic carbon chain containing from two to ten carbon atoms, phenyl, and phenylacetylen, and wherein R2 and R3 independently of each other represent a group selected from the list consisting of Cl, I, methyl, phenyl, or phenylacetylene.