Abstract: In the production of particle film by contacting a solid or liquid substrate with a particle dispersive suspension, and sweeping, spreading and moving the leading edge of a meniscus formed at the 3-phase contact line by atmospheric air or gas, substrate and suspension, thereby forming the particles assembled, the particle density and the number of particle film layers are controlled by traveling velocity (Vc) of the leading edge of the meniscus, volume ratio of particles and liquid evaporation rate (je) using these as parameters.

Abstract: A lens system for use with a phase plate in a transmission electron microscope comprises a phase plate placed after the back-focal plane of the objective lens in an imaging system mounted downstream of the objective lens. Phase lenses image the back-focal plane of the objective lens onto the phase plate such that the position and tilt of the electron beam relative to the optical axis are made conjugate. An alignment coil may direct the electron beam going out of the phase lenses toward the phase plate. A second alignment coil may direct the electron beam going out of the phase plate toward the imaging lenses located after the phase plate.

Abstract: Novel DNA sequence determination method and DNA sequencer system providing a sequencing speed 103 to 104 times faster than the current DNA sequencing speed (105 bases per day with a lane at maximum) of the existing DNA sequencer based on electrophoresis. The method includes the step of discriminating base-specific labels of heavy elements using a magnified image of elongated single-chain DNA or RNA produced by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The DNA sequencer system uses this method. The invention provides a DNA sequencing speed that is higher than the existing speed by 3 or 4 orders of magnitude.

Abstract: In the production of particle film by contacting a solid or liquid substrate with a particle dispersive suspension, and sweeping, spreading and moving the leading edge of a meniscus formed at the 3-phase contact line by atmospheric air or gas, substrate and suspension, thereby forming the particles assembled, the particle density and the number of particle film layers are controlled by traveling velocity (Vc) of the leading edge of the meniscus, volume ratio of particles and liquid evaporation rate (je) using these as parameters.

Abstract: An antistatic phase plate for use in a phase-contrast electron microscope. The phase plate is made of a thin film held on the objective aperture of the microscope for shifting the phases of incident and scattered electron waves by a uniform amount. The thin film is a conductive amorphous material typified by amorphous carbon and amorphous gold or a composite of such conductive amorphous materials. A genuinely circular, microscopic electron passage hole is formed in the center of the opening in the objective aperture. Alternatively, a genuinely circular amorphous material is deposited on the center of the opening in the objective aperture to delay the phase of electron waves by &pgr;.

Abstract: The present invention provides a high-luminance opal-like diffraction chromogenic film having no dead angle, which comprises a hexagonally close-packed grating monolayer film of micron-order particulates.

Abstract: Protein is two-dimensionally aggregated and fixed to produce a functional thin film. A denatured film of a first protein is formed on the surface of a substrate solution such as an aqueous sugar or salt solution. A solution of a second protein which may be the same as or different from the first protein is then injected below the surface of the substrate solution at a distance sufficient not to disturb the surface. The substrate solution has a higher surface tension and specific gravity than the second protein solution causing the second protein to float between the denatured protein film and the substrate solution surface to form the two-dimensionally aggregated and fixed protein. The denatured film of first protein may be formed by injection of a solution of the first protein below the surface of the substrate solution. The aggregated and fixed protein can be heated and then transferred onto a solid surface such as in the formation of a biosensor.

Abstract: To observe film thickness and/or refractive index of a sample, light beams from a white light source are irradiated onto the surface of the solid or liquid sample such that the reflected light beams are colored by partial extinction of the reflected light beams. A difference 17 film thickness and/or refractive index of the sample is observed according to color difference of the reflected light beams.

Abstract: A method of supplying a liquid dispersive medium of fine particles onto the surface of a substrate having a flat surface, forming a liquid thin film and controlling the liquid thickness of the liquid dispersive medium through evaporation, for example, thereby assembling the particles in a two-dimensional manner. By controlling the liquid thickness of the liquid dispersive medium of the particles, it is possible to cause rapid two-dimensional assembly of the particles, and in addition, to control the order of particle size in the assembly. Fixing of the assembly permits the formation of a film structure.

Abstract: A particle-containing or particle-forming liquid is spread over the surface of a high density liquid; the particles are aggregated two-dimensionally by reducing the thickness of the particle-containing or particle-forming liquid which has been spread; and the aggregated and formed two-dimensional particle thin film is brought into contact with the surface of a solid substrate to transfer and fix said thin film thereupon. By this method, it is possible to form a two-dimensional aggregate quickly, and form two-dimensional particle thin film of a high quality.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for forming a two-dimensional assembly of fine particles on a surface. A wall cell is placed in contact with or near the surface of a solid substrate so as to form a closed surface region on the surface of the solid substrate, a liquid containing fine particles is injected onto the closed surface region in the wall cell, and then the liquid is removed at a controlled rate, thereby causing a two-dimensional assembly of fine particles to form on the solid surface.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of symmetrizing a three-dimensional NMR spectrum which is obtained by applying a preparation pulse or pulse sequence, sampling the resulting free induction decay signals with a sequence having two evolution periods and a detection period to obtain data S (t.sub.1, t.sub.2, t.sub.3), and taking the Fourier transform of the data to create the three-dimensional NMR spectrum .alpha. (.omega..sub.1, .omega..sub.2, .omega..sub.3). The 3D NMR spectrum is sliced perpendicularly to the frequency axis .omega..sub.3. Data about the 3D NMR spectrum is arithmetically processed in such a way that peaks having no symmetrical partners at symmertical positions determined also taking account of the direction of the frequency axis .omega..sub.3 are found and erased to obtain a spectrum .alpha..sub.1 (.omega..sub.1, .omega..sub.2, .omega..sub.3).

Abstract: A three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy capable of obtaining a plurality of two-dimensional NMR spectra by a single series of measurements. In this spectroscopy, a pulse sequence consisting of three 90.degree.-pulses and a 180.degree.-pulse is utilized. The three 90.degree.-pulses are produced at intervals. The interval between the second and the third 90.degree.-pulses is set to .tau..sub.m. The 180.degree.-pulse is produced at the middle of the interval .tau..sub.m. In a first embodiment of the invention, the interval t.sub.1 between the first and the second 90.degree.-pulses and the RF phases .phi. of the first and second 90.degree.-pulses and of the 180.degree.-pulse are taken as variables. The free induction decay signals produced after the lapse of a period of t.sub.2 subsequent to the third 90.degree.-pulse are collected to create data S (t.sub.1, t.sub.2, .phi.). In a second embodiment of the invention, the intervals t.sub.1 and .tau..sub.m are taken as variables, .tau..sub.m being rewritten as t.sub.3.

Abstract: In accordance with the invention, two detection periods t.sub.2 and t.sub.2 ' are set by the use of a pulse train essentially consisting of three pulses. Free induction decay signals FIDa and FIDb obtained during the two periods, respectively, are stored in respective data files. The measurement is repeated a plurality of times while putting at least one of the three pulses of the pulse train out of phase with the others. The free induction decay signals FIDa and FIDb derived by each measurement are stored in their respective data files. After the measurements, a linear combination of the data items which are stored in the data files assigned either to the signals FIDa or to FIDb is formed. The resultant data is subjected to double Fourier transformation to obtain a two-dimensional NMR spectrum. The manner in which the data items are linearly combined is appropriately selected to obtain a desired kind of two-dimensional NMR spectrum.

Abstract: A stratum of mercury is formed in an atmosphere, for example, helium gas. A liquid material is dropped to the surface of the mercury stratum. Since the surface tension of the mercury is larger than that of the liquid material, the liquid material rapidly spreads over the surface of the mercury stratum. As a result, a film is formed or a crystal grows on the surface of the mercury stratum. A DC voltage is applied between the liquid material and the mercury stratum. The resultant capillary electrical phenomenon momentarily spreads the liquid material over the surface of the mercury stratum. Thus, a good film is formed or a good crystal grows.

Abstract: In a Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, a signal which is produced repeatedly from a time origin is sampled at regular intervals of time to convert the signal into digital form, the time origin being given repeatedly. Then, the digitized data is accumulated. According to the present invention, delay periods beginning with each time origin and ending with the beginning of each sampling are made different from one another to obtain a pseudofiltering effect simply by using a relatively simple structure of apparatus and performing arithmetic operations on data.