Abstract: A method of operating a memory cell includes the following steps. A first plurality of bias operations is performed to the memory cell using a first voltage, wherein the memory cell comprises a variable resistance pattern, and the first voltage of each cycle of the first plurality of bias operations has a same first polarity. The memory cell is determined whether reaches a fatigue threshold. After the determination determines that the memory cell reaches the fatigue threshold, a second plurality of bias operations is performed to the memory cell using a second voltage, wherein the second voltage of each cycle of the second plurality of bias operations has a same second polarity, and the second polarity is opposite to the first polarity.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes a substrate and a memory device. The memory device is over the substrate. The memory device includes a bottom electrode, a dielectric layer, an antiferroelectric layer, and a top electrode. The dielectric layer is over the bottom electrode. The antiferroelectric layer is over the dielectric layer. The top electrode is over the antiferroelectric layer.

Abstract: A method includes forming a semiconductor layer over a substrate; depositing a first ferroelectric layer over a channel region of the semiconductor layer; depositing a first dielectric layer over the first ferroelectric layer; depositing a second ferroelectric layer over the first dielectric layer; depositing a gate metal layer over the second ferroelectric layer; patterning the gate metal layer, the second ferroelectric layer, the first dielectric layer, and the first ferroelectric layer to form a gate structure; and forming source/drain regions in the semiconductor layer and on opposite sides of the gate structure.