Abstract: In an electromagnetic antenna a continuous conductor comprises a first length portion and a second length portion, the first and second length portions each having a first end and a second end whereby the first end of the first length portion connected to the second end of the second length portion at a first node, and the second end of the first length portion is connected to the first end of the second length portion at a second node.

Abstract: An electrically small antenna is constructed from a generalized contrawound toroidal helix made from a single continuous conductor divided into two length portions each of which are substantially the same length and which have a generalized helical pattern. The helical pitch senses the two length portions are opposite to one another. The two length portions are insulated from one another and overlap one another on the surface of a generalized toroid. A signal is fed to the antenna at a port defined by the node locations where the respective length portions join one another, or at a diametrically opposite point. At the fundamental mode of operation, the antenna is a half guided wavelength in circumference. The size of the antenna is further reduced because of the slow-wave properties of the underlying generalized contrawound toroidal helix. The antenna is omnidirectional with vertical polarization with a radiation pattern similar to an electric dipole, but in a physical package that is substantially smaller.