Abstract: The invention comprises a process for treating contaminated earth with different organic and inorganic substances, such as for example benzene, toluene, naphthalene, phenols and other mono- and polycyclic or aliphatic oxygen-, nitrogen- and sulphur-containing hydrocarbon compounds as well as simple and complex inorganic or organic salts. The invention concerns a combination of the following processing stages: (a) homogenization and comminution of the contaminated earth with an addition of treated recycled water to obtain a pumpable suspension; (b) treatment of the suspension in a single- or multi-stage extraction process in counter-current with warm or hot recycled water according to the principle of increased dissolving power at high temperatures (over 100.degree. C.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for cooling the crude coke oven gas drawn from a gas collecting main at a gas temperature of below 20.degree. C. after separating a collecting main flushing liquid fed to a tar separator. To prevent deposists of naphthalene on the cooling tubes of a precooler, the invention provides that the crude coke oven gas is treated before the precooler with tar or a tar-water mixture withdrawn from the tar separator. This effects a partial evaporation of the more volatile components, and the remaining tar or tar-water mixture is again withdrawn before the precooler. A flushing liquid from the edge zone of the tar separator that has definite proportions of low-solids and lighter tar is used in particular and it is fed in parallel with the cooling crude gas in the precooler.

Abstract: The ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide scrubbed out of crude coke oven gases are decomposed and combusted, and sulfur is recovered therefrom in a Claus process, while using preheated air and effecting the decomposition and oxidation at temperatures varying through 100.degree. C. at most, and keeping the temperature level of the entire process above 100.degree. C. and allowing the residual gases to cool below this temperature only after the separation of sulfur, and controlling the air supply to maintain the ratio of H.sub.2 S and SO.sub.2 in the process gases above 2.

Abstract: A method for the gasification of coke is disclosed in which coke produced in a coking chamber and having a temperature of 900.degree. C. to 1100.degree. C. is forced into a coke bucket, after coking in the coking chamber, and fed by means of hot coke conveyors without substantial temperature changes to a gasifier. The coke is gasified in the gasifier while adding at least one of oxygen and air, and steam and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A method for the gasification of coke is disclosed in which coke produced in a coking chamber and having a temperature of 900.degree. C. to 1100.degree. C. is forced into a coke bucket, after coking in the coking chamber, and fed by means of hot coke conveyors without substantial temperature changes to a gasifier. The coke is gasified in the gasifier while adding at least one of oxygen and air, and steam and carbon dioxide.

Abstract: In a method for the liquefaction of coal which has chlorine-containing compounds therein, which method comprises the hydrogenation of the coal in the presence of a catalyst, the improvement which comprises neutralizing the compounds with an alkali metal hydrogen sulfide whereby H.sub.2 S is produced. In a preferred form of the invention, the H.sub.2 S is reacted with an alkali metal hydroxide to produce the alkali metal hydrogen sulfide which, in turn, is recycled into the hydrogenation step.

Abstract: An improved plant for coal carbonization or gasification of the type having a vessel with reaction compartment, at least one burner at the top of the reaction compartment for the partial combustion of finely-ground coal at a temperature above the ash-melting temperature to produce a product of gas, coke dust and slag or ashes, the compartment having a bottom opening for the discharge of gas-coke dust current from the compartment, and means for separating the product gas is disclosed. A lower chamber is in the vessel underneath the compartment adjacent to the opening. A heating surface in a vertical wall portion of the vessel surrounding the lower chamber, and a slag trap adapted to trap slag arranged in the bottom of the chamber is provided.

Abstract: A method of producing process gases containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from ash oil comprises directing oil rich in ash and oxygen enriched gas into a burner which is fired downwardly into a pressure reactor so as to gasify the oil under pressure and under pressure of steam into gases which are partly burned and a remainder of gases. The remaining gases are separated from unburned carbon and ash and are quenched to convert them into steam by a wash water which entrains fine particles of carbon. The remaining heat content of the quench gases are used in another process. Wash water is directed into a decanter thickener in order to separate the wash water and entrain particles into clear water, carbon containing water and ash mud. The carbon containing water is used to produce steam for controlling the conversion of ash oil.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen and carbon-oxide-containing gases for use for reducing ores and synthesizing hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing organic substances, comprises, directing a suspension of finely ground coal and oxygen through a burner into a pressure reactor to convert the coal into gases and partly burning the gases, separating the gases from non-converted coal and ash, directing the separated gases into a quenching water so that their heat content is converted into pressure steam and the gases are precooled. The precooled gases are further purified and further cooled. During quenching, the gases are cooled from temperatures in the range of from 1300.degree. C. to 1500.degree. C. down to 200.degree. C. to 300.degree. C., depending on the gasification pressure. The ash-free gases then become highly loaded with steam to a steam-to-gas ratio of 2 as they are cooled down to a temperature of from between 100.degree. C. to 200.degree. C., and to also form a condensate.

Abstract: A method of producing reducing gases from oxide ores, particularly iron ores, which contain mainly carbon monoxide and hydrogen and which are employed in the reduction process with a two to three fold excess with regard to the stoichiometric requirement of the ore to be reduced, comprising, mixing a hot moist fresh reducing gas and a preheated recycled gas, both of which are used in reducing iron ores and mainly contain carbon monoxide and hydrogen, directing the mixed gases in counterflow heat exchange with iron sponge in a desulfurizer to treat the sponge, thereafter, directing the treated sponge into an oxidizer and circulating preheated air thereover to lightly oxidize the iron sponge, and subsequently, directing the lightly oxidized iron sponge into a reducing shaft along with the mixed gases which are taken out of the desulfurizer.

Abstract: A single heat method of producing reduction gases which consist essentially of carbon monoxide and hydrogen for ore-reducing processes, comprises, directing a coal and water suspension into a reactor to generate combustion gases under pressure having a temperature in the range of from 1300.degree. C. to 1500.degree. C. and mixing the combustion gases immediately after they are formed with reduction furnace waste gases which have a temperature in the range of from 100.degree. C. to 500.degree. C. The mixed gases are then directed through a water seal separator to separate and quench slag particles and the slag particles are removed with water from the gas stream. The pressure gases are mixed with the waste gases in a proportion of from 1:0.5 to 1:2.0. The resultant gases after purification and hydrogen sulfide scrubbing are directed back into the ore-reducing process and the quenched slag particles are fused to larger size agglomerates and are carried out of the gas stream and taken up in water.

Abstract: Tar and coal fines are separated from ammonia liquor in a coke making operation by a series of settling steps including one in which a foam is physically removed from the surface area of a decanter and placed in a separate decanter.

Abstract: A process for converting ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in coke oven gases into nitrogen, water and sulfur comprises, mixing the oven gases with oxygen and a portion of the waste gases of the process from which all the ammonia and most of the hydrogen sulfide has been removed, burning the mixture in a combustion chamber and passing the resulting gaseous products over a catalyst to convert the ammonia into water and nitrogen, mixing the gases after they pass over the catalyst with oxygen and another portion of the waste gases, and cooling the mixture and removing the condensed sulfur therefrom to form remaining products. The remaining products are further processed to remove additional sulfur, to condense and remove water. A portion of the remaining products are returned to the process in the form of waste gases.

Abstract: A method of removing ash components from coals, particularly high-ash content coals, comprises grinding the coal into ground particles and suspending the ground coals in an aqueous alkali carbonate solution. The solution is maintained in a reactor for 45 to 120 minutes at a temperature range of from 250.degree. to 280.degree. C and under a pressure of from 50 to 80 atm in order to cause the CO.sub.2 to be set free by dissociation. The CO.sub.2 is discharged from the reactor by directing an inert gas stream through the reactor and discharging the CO.sub.2 with the gas stream. The suspension is stirred and agitated at elevated temperatures and increased pressures in order to fuse the ashes. The aqueous solution containing the dissolved ash components is then separated from the coal. The removed carbon dioxide is introduced into a solution for reforming the alkali carbonate in order to cause the contents of the solution to become insoluble and separated and the alkali solution to become regenerated.

Abstract: A method of removing ash components from coals, particularly high-ash bituminous and sub-bituminous coals, comprises grinding the coals and suspending the ground coal in an aqueous media to form a raw suspension, fusing the raw suspension and without further additives stirring for 60 to 360 minutes at from 250.degree. C to 350.degree. C and at a pressure of from 50 to 80 atm. Thereupon, the fused suspension is cooled and the pressure thereof is relieved. The aqueous phase containing the dissolved ash components are separated from the coal.

Abstract: A method for the indirect cooling of hot gases, particularly, coke oven gases using a gas cooler having a cooling chamber with three different heat exchangers arranged therein, comprises directing the gases to be cooled through first one of the heat exchangers while circulating a coolant through the first heat exchanger which comprises a heater agent taken from the desorber stage of an absorber-desorber-type refrigerating machine. The gases are then directed through the second heat exchanger while circulating ordinary cooling water therethrough and, thereafter, the gases are directed through a third heat exchanger while the heating agent from an evaporator stage of the refrigerating machine is circulated through the third heat exchanger.