Abstract: Disclosed are systems and methods for determining an individual's risk of an adverse health outcome particularly a near-term cardiovascular event. In one embodiment, non-invasive chest CT scan images are input into an artificial intelligence system (AIS). Based on the CT scans, the AIS provides an analysis that includes one or more of a CAC score based; plaque density; plaque quantity; plaque locations; and the volume of cardiac chambers; and a measurement of cardiac ejection fraction (EF). Based on the AI analysis and additional risk factors, estimates of risk are determined. The estimation of risk can be done automatically by a digital application. In one embodiment, EF can be determined by the AIS using non-contrast, ECG-gated CT scan images acquired during end-diastole and end-systole. In some embodiments, the density of vasa vasorum around a coronary plaque is measured to detect active and inflamed plaques from passive and stable ones.