Abstract: Disclosed are a surface coating material, a film formed from the surface coating material, a stacked structure the film, and a display device including the film and/or stacked structure. The surface coating material may include a plurality of fluorine-containing silicon compounds, wherein each of fluorine-containing silicon compounds may include a fluorine-containing (poly)ether moiety, a hydrolysable silane moiety, and a linking group between the fluorine-containing (poly)ether moiety and the hydrolysable silane moiety. The linking group may be configured to form a non-covalent interaction between adjacent molecules.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment provides a method of determining formation energy of a multi-element crystal, including: generating information related to a candidate structure of the multi-element crystal and information related to a metal pair included in the multi-element crystal, based on information related to a composition of the multi-element crystal; and determining the formation energy based on the information related to the candidate structure and the information related to the metal pair.

Abstract: A cathode active material including a lithium nickel composite oxide; and a coating layer including a lithium metal pyrophosphate on the core.

Abstract: Disclosed are a surface coating material, a film formed from the surface coating material, a stacked structure the film, and a display device including the film and/or stacked structure. The surface coating material may include a plurality of fluorine-containing silicon compounds, wherein each of fluorine-containing silicon compounds may include a fluorine-containing (poly)ether moiety, a hydrolysable silane moiety, and a linking group between the fluorine-containing (poly)ether moiety and the hydrolysable silane moiety. The linking group may be configured to form a non-covalent interaction between adjacent molecules.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medium composition for production of botulinum toxin and, more particularly, to a medium composition for culture of Clostridium sp. capable of producing botulinum toxin. The medium composition of the present invention comprises at least one plant-derived peptone selected from the group consisting of a garden pea hydrolysate, a cotton seed hydrolysate and a wheat gluten hydrolysate. When the medium according to the present invention, which contains plant-derived peptones and minerals, is used for culture of Clostridium botulinum, the growth rate of the bacterium in the medium is about 1.5-2 times higher than that in the medium that is in current use. In addition, when botulinum toxin is produced by culturing the bacterium in the medium, infection with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or the like can be prevented by blocking introduction of animal-derived components.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medium composition for production of botulinum toxin and, more particularly, to a medium composition for culture of Clostridium sp. capable of producing botulinum toxin. The medium composition of the present invention comprises a porcine peptone and at least one plant-derived peptone selected from the group consisting of a garden pea hydrolysate, a cotton seed hydrolysate and a wheat gluten hydrolysate. When the medium according to the present invention, which contains plant-derived peptones, porcine peptones and minerals, is used for culture of Clostridium botulinum, the growth rate of the bacterium in the medium is higher than that in each of the medium that is in current use and the medium comprising plant-derived peptones alone. In addition, when the medium of the present invention is used, a high concentration of botulinum toxin can be produced by culturing the bacterium in a safe manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medium composition for production of botulinum toxin and, more particularly, to a medium composition for culture of Clostridium sp. capable of producing botulinum toxin. The medium composition of the present invention comprises a casein hydrolysate and at least one plant-derived peptone selected from the group consisting of a garden pea hydrolysate, a cotton seed hydrolysate and a wheat gluten hydrolysate. When the medium according to the present invention, which contains plant-derived peptones, casein hydrolysates and minerals, is used for culture of Clostridium botulinum, the growth rate of the bacterium in the medium is higher than that in each of the medium that is in current use and the medium comprising plant-derived peptones alone. In addition, when the medium of the present invention is used, a high concentration of botulinum toxin can be produced by culturing the bacterium in a safe manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medium composition for production of botulinum toxin and, more particularly, to a medium composition for culture of Clostridium sp. capable of producing botulinum toxin. The medium composition of the present invention comprises at least one plant-derived peptone selected from the group consisting of a garden pea hydrolysate, a cotton seed hydrolysate and a wheat gluten hydrolysate. When the medium according to the present invention, which contains plant-derived peptones and minerals, is used for culture of Clostridium botulinum, the growth rate of the bacterium in the medium is about 1.5-2 times higher than that in the medium that is in current use. In addition, when botulinum toxin is produced by culturing the bacterium in the medium, infection with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or the like can be prevented by blocking introduction of animal-derived components.

Abstract: A cathode active material including a lithium nickel composite oxide; and a coating layer including a lithium metal pyrophosphate on the core.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medium composition for production of botulinum toxin and, more particularly, to a medium composition for culture of Clostridium sp. capable of producing botulinum toxin. The medium composition of the present invention comprises at least one plant-derived peptone selected from the group consisting of a garden pea hydrolysate, a cotton seed hydrolysate and a wheat gluten hydrolysate. When the medium according to the present invention, which contains plant-derived peptones and minerals, is used for culture of Clostridium botulinum, the growth rate of the bacterium in the medium is about 1.5-2 times higher than that in the medium that is in current use. In addition, when botulinum toxin is produced by culturing the bacterium in the medium, infection with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or the like can be prevented by blocking introduction of animal-derived components.

Abstract: An exemplary embodiment provides a method of determining formation energy of a multi-element crystal, including: generating information related to a candidate structure of the multi-element crystal and information related to a metal pair included in the multi-element crystal, based on information related to a composition of the multi-element crystal; and determining the formation energy based on the information related to the candidate structure and the information related to the metal pair.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medium composition for production of botulinum toxin and, more particularly, to a medium composition for culture of Clostridium sp. capable of producing botulinum toxin. The medium composition of the present invention comprises a porcine peptone and at least one plant-derived peptone selected from the group consisting of a garden pea hydrolysate, a cotton seed hydrolysate and a wheat gluten hydrolysate. When the medium according to the present invention, which contains plant-derived peptones, porcine peptones and minerals, is used for culture of Clostridium botulinum, the growth rate of the bacterium in the medium is higher than that in each of the medium that is in current use and the medium comprising plant-derived peptones alone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medium composition for production of botulinum toxin and, more particularly, to a medium composition for culture of Clostridium sp. capable of producing botulinum toxin. The medium composition of the present invention comprises a casein hydrolysate and at least one plant-derived peptone selected from the group consisting of a garden pea hydrolysate, a cotton seed hydrolysate and a wheat gluten hydrolysate. When the medium according to the present invention, which contains plant-derived peptones, casein hydrolysates and minerals, is used for culture of Clostridium botulinum, the growth rate of the bacterium in the medium is higher than that in each of the medium that is in current use and the medium comprising plant-derived peptones alone. In addition, when the medium of the present invention is used, a high concentration of botulinum toxin can be produced by culturing the bacterium in a safe manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medium composition for production of botulinum toxin and, more particularly, to a medium composition for culture of Clostridium sp. capable of producing botulinum toxin. The medium composition of the present invention comprises at least one plant-derived peptone selected from the group consisting of a garden pea hydrolysate, a cotton seed hydrolysate and a wheat gluten hydrolysate. When the medium according to the present invention, which contains plant-derived peptones and minerals, is used for culture of Clostridium botulinum, the growth rate of the bacterium in the medium is about 1.5-2 times higher than that in the medium that is in current use. In addition, when botulinum toxin is produced by culturing the bacterium in the medium, infection with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) or the like can be prevented by blocking introduction of animal-derived components.

Abstract: A method for determining a stable structure of a multi-element crystal, the method including: determining a multi-layered matrix of the multi-element crystal based on a layer of the multi-element crystal and a composition ratio of transition metals included in the multi-element crystal; grouping candidate structures of the multi-element crystal into a plurality of candidate structure groups based on a trace of the multi-layered matrix; and determining at least one stable structure group including the stable structure from among the plurality of candidate structure groups to determine the stable structure.

Abstract: A method of making botulinum toxin comprises treating a culture of a botulinum toxin-producing strain with acid to precipitate a botulinum toxin; adding buffer to the precipitated botulinum toxin, followed by treatment with a protease inhibitor and nuclease, thereby extracting the botulinum toxin; treating the extracted botulinum toxin with acid to precipitate the botulinum toxin and dissolving the precipitate in buffer; and purifying the botulinum toxin by anion exchange chromatography. The use of the method makes it possible to produce a high-purity botulinum toxin by a simple process. The botulinum toxin produced by the method has high purity, and thus has an increased ability to act in a local area. Thus, the systemic circulation of the botulinum toxin is reduced to increase the safety. Accordingly, the botulinum toxin can be used for treatment of neuromuscular disorders, removal of wrinkles, and treatment of spastic hemiplegia and cerebral palsy.

Abstract: A method of making botulinum toxin comprises treating a culture of a botulinum toxin-producing strain with acid to precipitate a botulinum toxin; adding buffer to the precipitated botulinum toxin, followed by treatment with a protease inhibitor and nuclease, thereby extracting the botulinum toxin; treating the extracted botulinum toxin with acid to precipitate the botulinum toxin and dissolving the precipitate in buffer; and purifying the botulinum toxin by anion exchange chromatography. The use of the method makes it possible to produce a high-purity botulinum toxin by a simple process. The botulinum toxin produced by the method has high purity, and thus has an increased ability to act in a local area. Thus, the systemic circulation of the botulinum toxin is reduced to increase the safety. Accordingly, the botulinum toxin can be used for treatment of neuromuscular disorders, removal of wrinkles, and treatment of spastic hemiplegia and cerebral palsy.