Abstract: A method for preparing error recovery of a memory device included in a memory system includes performing a training operation of the memory device upon power-on of the memory system, booting an operating system into a normal mode by operating the memory device using a selected operation frequency of a plurality of operation frequencies based on results of the training operation, detecting an error frequency among the plurality of operation frequencies in response to a change of the selected operation frequency of the memory device by the operating system, the error frequency being an operation frequency which causes at least one error in the memory device, and storing information regarding the detected error frequency in a first register included in a memory controller associated with the memory device.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing and using a nanofluidic NAND transistor sensor array scheme including a plurality of nanopore channel pillars, a plurality of respective fluidic channels, a plurality of gate electrodes, a top chamber, and a bottom chamber includes placing a sensor substrate in an electrolyte solution comprising biomolecules and DNA. The method also includes placing first and second electrodes in the electrolyte solution (Vpp and Vss of the nanofluidic NAND transistor); forming the nanopore channel pillars; placing the gate electrodes and gate insulators in respective walls of the nanopore channel pillars; applying an electrophoretic bias in the first and second electrodes; applying a bias in the gate electrodes; detecting a change in an electrode current in the electrolyte solution caused by a change in a gate voltage; and detecting a change in a surface charge in nanopore channel electrodes in the respective fluidic channels.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing an oligonucleotide using a nanofluidic device including a plurality of nanopore channels, a plurality of electrodes, and an electrolyte solution, includes coupling a primer to an inner wall of a nanopore channel of the plurality of nanopore channels, the primer having a protecting group. The method also includes applying a voltage to an electrode of the plurality of electrodes that corresponds to the nanopore channel to produce an acid from the electrolyte solution at the electrode. The electrode includes an anode and a cathode disposed at opposite sides of the nanopore channel. The method further includes the acid removing the protecting group from the primer. Moreover, the method includes coupling a nucleotide to the primer with the protecting group removed to form an intermediate product. In addition, the method includes repeating the steps on the intermediate product until the oligonucleotide is synthesized.

Abstract: A nanopore device for detecting charged biopolymer molecules and defining a nanochannel, includes a first gating nanoelectrode addressing a first end of the nanochannel. The device also includes a second gating nanoelectrode addressing a second end of the nanochannel opposite the first end. The device further includes a first sensing nanoelectrode addressing a first location in the nanochannel between the first and second ends.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a nanofluidic device including a plurality of nanopore channels, a plurality of gating nanoelectrodes, and a plurality of sensing nanoelectrodes, includes applying a selecting voltage across a gating nanoelectrode of the plurality of gating nanoelectrodes to select a nanopore channel. The method also includes tuning the nanopore channel by applying a first biasing voltage across a sensing electrode of the plurality of sensing nanoelectrodes, and receiving a plurality of currents over a plurality of frequencies. The method further includes generating a calibration data set from the pluralities of frequencies and currents. Moreover, the method includes comparing the calibration data set with a reference data set. In addition, the method includes when the calibration data set differs from the reference data set by more than a predetermined threshold, repeating the method with a second biasing voltage different from the first biasing voltage.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing an oligonucleotide using a nanofluidic device including a plurality of nanopore channels, a plurality of electrodes, and an electrolyte solution, includes coupling a primer to an inner wall of a nanopore channel of the plurality of nanopore channels, the primer having a protecting group. The method also includes applying a voltage to an electrode of the plurality of electrodes that corresponds to the nanopore channel to produce an acid from the electrolyte solution at the electrode. The electrode includes an anode and a cathode disposed at opposite sides of the nanopore channel. The method further includes the acid removing the protecting group from the primer. Moreover, the method includes coupling a nucleotide to the primer with the protecting group removed to form an intermediate product. In addition, the method includes repeating the steps on the intermediate product until the oligonucleotide is synthesized.

Abstract: An all-in-one self test kit includes: a test tool having a reagent container adapted to store a diagnosis reagent therein and a diagnosis kit with a casing constituted of a first body and a second body and a diagnosis strip disposed inside the casing and having a sucking part for sucking the diagnosis reagent and a diagnosis part reacting to the diagnosis reagent sucked to the sucking part; a sub-body having a container insertion portion for inserting the reagent container thereinto and a kit insertion portion for inserting the diagnosis kit thereinto; a main body for inserting the sub-body thereinto; and a cap fastened and unfastened with an entrance of the main body to open and close the main body.

Abstract: An all-in-one self test kit includes: a test tool having a reagent container adapted to store a diagnosis reagent therein and a diagnosis kit with a casing constituted of a first body and a second body and a diagnosis strip disposed inside the casing and having a sucking part for sucking the diagnosis reagent and a diagnosis part reacting to the diagnosis reagent sucked to the sucking part; a sub-body having a container insertion portion for inserting the reagent container thereinto and a kit insertion portion for inserting the diagnosis kit thereinto; a main body for inserting the sub-body thereinto; and a cap fastened and unfastened with an entrance of the main body to open and close the main body.

Abstract: A 3D nanopore device for characterizing biopolymer molecules includes a first selecting layer having a first axis of selection. The device also includes a second selecting layer disposed adjacent the first selecting layer and having a second axis of selection orthogonal to the first axis of selection. The device further includes an third electrode layer disposed adjacent the second selecting layer, such that the first selecting layer, the second selecting layer, and the third electrode layer form a stack of layers along a Z axis and define a plurality of nanopore pillars.

Abstract: A 3D nanopore device for characterizing biopolymer molecules includes a first selecting layer having a first axis of selection. The device also includes a second selecting layer disposed adjacent the first selecting layer and having a second axis of selection orthogonal to the first axis of selection. The device further includes an third electrode layer disposed adjacent the second selecting layer, such that the first selecting layer, the second selecting layer, and the third electrode layer form a stack of layers along a Z axis and define a plurality of nanopore pillars.

Abstract: A method of detecting a pathogen uses a 3D nanochannel device having top and bottom chambers, and a plurality of nanochannels. The method also includes functionalizing a nanochannel by coupling an oligonucleotide probe to an inner surface thereof. The method further includes adding a lysis buffer and patient sample to the top chamber. Moreover, the method includes extracting an oligonucleotide from the patient sample. In addition, the method includes placing top and bottom electrodes in the top and bottom chambers respectively and applying an electrophoretic bias therethrough. The method also includes applying a selection bias across first and second gating nanoelectrodes to direct flow of the oligonucleotide through the nanochannel. Moreover, the method includes applying a sensing bias through a sensing nanoelectrode. In addition, the method includes detecting an output current from the sensing nanoelectrode, and analyzing the output current from the sensing nanoelectrode to detect the oligonucleotide.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing and using a nanofluidic NAND transistor sensor array scheme including a plurality of nanopore channel pillars, a plurality of respective fluidic channels, a plurality of gate electrodes, a top chamber, and a bottom chamber includes placing a sensor substrate in an electrolyte solution comprising biomolecules and DNA. The method also includes placing first and second electrodes in the electrolyte solution (Vpp and Vss of the nanofluidic NAND transistor); forming the nanopore channel pillars; placing the gate electrodes and gate insulators in respective walls of the nanopore channel pillars; applying an electrophoretic bias in the first and second electrodes; applying a bias in the gate electrodes; detecting a change in an electrode current in the electrolyte solution caused by a change in a gate voltage; and detecting a change in a surface charge in nanopore channel electrodes in the respective fluidic channels.

Abstract: A 3D nanopore device for characterizing biopolymer molecules includes a first selecting layer having a first axis of selection. The device also includes a second selecting layer disposed adjacent the first selecting layer and having a second axis of selection orthogonal to the first axis of selection. The device further includes an third electrode layer disposed adjacent the second selecting layer, such that the first selecting layer, the second selecting layer, and the third electrode layer form a stack of layers along a Z axis and define a plurality of nanopore pillars.

Abstract: A nanopore device for characterizing biopolymer molecules includes first and second selecting layers having respective first and second pluralities of independently addressable inhibitory electrodes disposed along respective first and second axes of selection, where the second selecting layer is disposed adjacent the first selecting layer. The device also includes a third electrode layer having a third independently addressable electrode, where the third electrode layer is disposed adjacent the second selecting layer, such that the first and second selecting layers and the third electrode layer form a stack of layers along a Z axis and define a plurality of nanopore pillars. The first and second pluralities of inhibitory electrodes form an array, such that the first and second pluralities of inhibitory electrodes surround each of the plurality of nanopore pillars along the first and second axes of selection respectively.

Abstract: A method of determining an oligonucleotide methylation percentage includes providing a 3D nanopore device having top and bottom chambers, and a 3D nanochannel array disposed therein. The method also includes purifying an oligonucleotide, and functionalizing the 3D nanochannel array by coupling an oligonucleotide probe. The method further includes forming an oligonucleotide solution having a known concentration, and adding the oligonucleotide solution to the top and bottom chambers. Moreover, the method includes placing top and bottom electrodes in the top and bottom chambers respectively, applying an electrophoretic bias between the top and bottom electrodes, applying a selection bias across first and second gating nanoelectrodes, applying a sensing bias through a sensing nanoelectrode in the 3D nanopore device.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing and using a nanofluidic NAND transistor sensor array scheme including a plurality of nanopore channel pillars, a plurality of respective fluidic channels, a plurality of gate electrodes, a top chamber, and a bottom chamber includes placing a sensor substrate in an electrolyte solution comprising biomolecules and DNA. The method also includes placing first and second electrodes in the electrolyte solution (Vpp and Vss of the nanofluidic NAND transistor); forming the nanopore channel pillars; placing the gate electrodes and gate insulators in respective walls of the nanopore channel pillars; applying an electrophoretic bias in the first and second electrodes; applying a bias in the gate electrodes; detecting a change in an electrode current in the electrolyte solution caused by a change in a gate voltage; and detecting a change in a surface charge in nanopore channel electrodes in the respective fluidic channels.

Abstract: A 3D nanopore device for characterizing biopolymer molecules includes a first selecting layer having a first axis of selection. The device also includes a second selecting layer disposed adjacent the first selecting layer and having a second axis of selection orthogonal to the first axis of selection. The device further includes an third electrode layer disposed adjacent the second selecting layer, such that the first selecting layer, the second selecting layer, and the third electrode layer form a stack of layers along a Z axis and define a plurality of nanopore pillars.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a nanofluidic device including a plurality of nanopore channels, a plurality of gating nanoelectrodes, and a plurality of sensing nanoelectrodes, includes applying a selecting voltage across a gating nanoelectrode of the plurality of gating nanoelectrodes to select a nanopore channel. The method also includes tuning the nanopore channel by applying a first biasing voltage across a sensing electrode of the plurality of sensing nanoelectrodes, and receiving a plurality of currents over a plurality of frequencies. The method further includes generating a calibration data set from the pluralities of frequencies and currents. Moreover, the method includes comparing the calibration data set with a reference data set. In addition, the method includes when the calibration data set differs from the reference data set by more than a predetermined threshold, repeating the method with a second biasing voltage different from the first biasing voltage.

Abstract: A method of synthesizing an oligonucleotide using a nanofluidic device including a plurality of nanopore channels, a plurality of electrodes, and an electrolyte solution, includes coupling a primer to an inner wall of a nanopore channel of the plurality of nanopore channels, the primer having a protecting group. The method also includes applying a voltage to an electrode of the plurality of electrodes that corresponds to the nanopore channel to produce an acid from the electrolyte solution at the electrode. The electrode includes an anode and a cathode disposed at opposite sides of the nanopore channel. The method further includes the acid removing the protecting group from the primer. Moreover, the method includes coupling a nucleotide to the primer with the protecting group removed to form an intermediate product. In addition, the method includes repeating the steps on the intermediate product until the oligonucleotide is synthesized.

Abstract: A nanopore device for detecting charged biopolymer molecules and defining a nanochannel, includes a first gating nanoelectrode addressing a first end of the nanochannel. The device also includes a second gating nanoelectrode addressing a second end of the nanochannel opposite the first end. The device further includes a first sensing nanoelectrode addressing a first location in the nanochannel between the first and second ends.