Abstract: A novel method for treating the radiant tubes of a fired pyrolysis heater with an antifoulant composition for inhibiting the formation and deposition of coke thereon. Such novel method includes introducing the antifoulant into the crossover conduit between the convection tubes and radiant tubes of the fired pyrolysis heater.

Abstract: The rate of formation of carbon on the surfaces of thermal cracking tubes and the production of carbon monoxide during thermal cracking of hydrocarbons are inhibited by the use of cracking tubes treated with an antifoulant, including tin compound, silicon compound and sulfur compounds in the presence of a reducing gas such as hydrogen. Additionally, the concentration of carbon monoxide in a pyrolytic cracking process product stream is reduced by the treatment of the thermal cracking tubes of such process with a reducing gas having a concentration of a sulfur compound.

Abstract: The rate of formation of carbon on the surfaces of thermal cracking tubes and the production of carbon monoxide during thermal cracking of hydrocarbons are inhibited by the use of cracking tubes treated with an antifoulant, including tin compound, silicon compound and sulfur compounds in the presence of a reducing gas such as hydrogen. Additionally, the concentration of carbon monoxide in a pyrolytic cracking process product stream is reduced by the treatment of the thermal cracking tubes of such process with a reducing gas having a concentration of a sulfur compound.

Abstract: A method of injecting a liquid tin-containing antifoulant into a saturated hydrocarbon feed stream for a thermal cracking reactor comprises providing a first open-ended tube, a second open-ended tube which concentrically surrounds the first tube, and a third tube which concentrically surrounds the first and second tubes; passing a liquid antifoulant stream through the first tube, a dispersing gas stream through the second tube, and a hydrocarbon gas stream (preferably containing ethane and steam) through the third tube; injecting the liquid antifoulant through the open end of the first tube and the dispersing gas through the open end of the second tube into the hydrocarbon gas stream; and passing the mixture of dispersed antifoulant, dispersing gas and hydrocarbon gas into a thermal cracking reactor.

Abstract: An image intensifier tube having a conductive coating for draining away accumulated electrons that cause the image intensifier tube to lose resolution. The conductive coating is formed on the insulating surface of the image intensifier tube microchannel plate. The conductive coating is formed from the evaporation of cathode sublimation products which include barium, nickel and tungsten.

Abstract: A liquid tin-containing antifoulant composition is injected into a metal-walled thermal cracking reactor tube, concurrently with the injection of a gaseous stream (preferably a steam-diluted C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkane stream), through a nozzle of an injection quill which is positioned in the center region of the reactor tube substantially parallel to the flow of the gaseous stream.A liquid tin-containing antifoulant is injected into a metal-walled thermal cracking reactor tube through a nozzle of an injection quill at a temperature of about 1000.degree.-1300.degree. F. while a gaseous stream (preferably a steam-diluted C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 alkane stream) flows through the reactor tube, followed by raising the temperature to about 1400.degree.-1800.degree. F. Preferably, the metal walls of the reactor tube are treated with steam after the antifoulant injection at about 1000.degree.-1300.degree. F. but before the antifoulant injection at about 1400.degree.-1800.degree. F.

Abstract: A method for sensitive and precise determination of the temperature of a thin layer or wafer of bandgap material, without requiring contact to the layer or to the wafer, is based on selection of optical wavelength or wavelengths and the measurements of transmittance through the sample at such wavelength(s). The relationship between the temperature variations of the absorption coefficient, whether determined by band-to-band absorption or a totally different mechanism, and the measured transmittance, provide an indication of the sample temperature, without regard to the ambient temperature. The method prescribes how to select the wavelength(s) based both on the intrinsic properties of the material and on the practical considerations of the measurement situation.

Abstract: A process for converting aromatic hydrocarbons (in particular benzene) to cycloalkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons (in particular cyclohexylbenzene) in the presence of free hydrogen and a palladium-promoted zeolite catalyst is carried out in the presence of carbon monoxide as process modifier (so as to enhance the selectivity to the cycloalkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon).

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting these metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of titanium and tin and a combination of titanium and antimony.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of an organic compound of chromium, a combination of tin and elemental chromium or an organic compound of chromium, a combination of antimony and elemental chromium or an organic compound of chromium and a combination of tin, antimony and elemental chromium or an organic compound of chromium.

Abstract: Combinations of gallium and tin as antifoulant compositions for use in thermal cracking.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and silicon, a combination of antimony and silicon and a combination of tin, antimony and silicon.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of elemental indium or an organic compound of indium and tin and a combination of elemental indium or an organic compound of indium and antimony.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and aluminum, a combination of aluminum and antimony and a combination of tin, antimony and aluminum.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of gallium and tin and a combination of gallium and antimony.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and copper, a combination of antimony and copper and a combination of tin, antimony and copper.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and copper, a combination of antimony and copper and a combination of tin, antimony and copper.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and phosphorus, a combination of phosphorus and antimony and a combination of tin, antimony and phosphorus.

Abstract: The formation of carbon on metals exposed to hydrocarbons in a thermal cracking process is reduced by contacting such metals with an antifoulant selected from the group consisting of a combination of tin and aluminum, a combination of aluminum and antimony and a combination of tin, antimony and aluminum.

Abstract: The production of microfibrous carbon by the catalytic pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials in the presence of metal containing catalysts is improved by the presence of a small quantity of a phosphorus-containing substance.