Abstract: A method for mitigating the costs of establishing a biomass-based pellet manufacturing plant includes identifying an existing pulp processing plant, obtaining permission to access and convert the pulp processing plant, and converting the pulp processing plant for manufacture of biomass-based pellets. Converting the pulp processing plant may include installing a pellet mill in the pulp processing plant, re-routing output from a pulp digester, such that the output enters the pellet mill, and bypassing unnecessary equipment. Biomass-based pellets may be manufactured in the converted pulp processing plant by liberating lignin from biomass-based feedstock via pulp digester and pelletizing the biomass-based feedstock and the liberated lignin to form the biomass-based pellets.

Abstract: The invention is directed to reactor systems, apparatus, and processes which are useful for conducting chemical reactions that may be effected in a three phase slurry system. One particular application of the invention converts synthesis gas (syngas) into hydrocarbons. Syngas is comprised of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. In general, a low profile bed reactor is capable of conducting an exothermic catalytic conversion. The reactor may also include a catalyst contained in a moving fluid system which ascends in the reactor in one or more stages. A heat exchanger optionally may be used to remove heat, and water may be removed from the reaction as it proceeds from one stage to another. The reactor is designed in a relatively low profile horizontal design, and is usually more efficient and inexpensive to operate (or build) than taller vertically oriented reactors of the same type.

Abstract: A system for converting light hydrocarbons to heavier hydrocarbons having a synthesis gas production unit and a hydrocarbon synthesis unit. For one application the synthesis gas production unit includes a turbine unit with a compression section, an autothermal reformer fluidly coupled to the compression section for producing synthesis gas and combusting at least a portion the gas therein, and an expansion section of the turbine unit fluidly coupled to the autothermal reformer for developing energy from the output of the autothermal reformer. A water separation unit is preferably fluidly coupled to the synthesis gas production unit for removing water from the synthesis gas. The water is directed to an oxygen/hydrogen separator to produce oxygen and hydrogen. Another water separation unit may also be coupled to the output from the hydrocarbon synthesis unit for removing water from the heavier hydrocarbons and directing the water to the oxygen/hydrogen separator.

Abstract: A synthesis gas production system (302) incudes a gas turbine (310) having a compressor (312) with an autothermal reformer (308) between the compressor (312) and the turbine (314). The system (302) may include a separator (326) for removing a portion of the mass exiting the compressor (312) prior to its delivery to the autothermal reformer (308). Gaseous light hydrocarbons are delivered to the autothermal reformer (308) through conduit (330) and may be selectively controlled with a valve (331). Synthesis gas production system (302) may be used with a methanol process, ammonia process, a Fischer-Tropsch process (304), or other process involving synthesis gas.

Abstract: A synthesis gas production system (302) incudes a gas turbine (310) having a compressor (312) with an autothermal reformer (308) between the compressor (312) and the turbine (314). The system (302) may include a separator (326) for removing a portion of the mass exiting the compressor (312) prior to its delivery to the autothermal reformer (308). Gaseous light hydrocarbons are delivered to the autothermal reformer (308) through conduit (330) and may be selectively controlled with a valve (331). Synthesis gas production system (302) may be used with a methanol process, ammonia process, a Fischer-Tropsch process (304), or other process involving synthesis gas.

Abstract: A system for converting light hydrocarbons to heavier hydrocarbons having a synthesis gas production unit and a hydrocarbon synthesis unit. For one application the synthesis gas production unit includes a turbine unit with a compression section, an autothermal reformer fluidly coupled to the compression section for producing synthesis gas and combusting at least a portion the gas therein, and an expansion section of the turbine unit fluidly coupled to the autothermal reformer for developing energy from the output of the autothermal reformer. A water separation unit is preferably fluidly coupled to the synthesis gas production unit for removing water from the synthesis gas. The water is directed to an oxygen/hydrogen separator to produce oxygen and hydrogen. Another water separation unit may also be coupled to the output from the hydrocarbon synthesis unit for removing water from the heavier hydrocarbons and directing the water to the oxygen/hydrogen separator.

Abstract: A system for recovering liquid hydrocarbons from hydrates on an ocean floor includes a vessel, a positioning subsystem coupled to the vessel for holding the vessel in a desired location over a hydrate formation, a hydrate recovery subsystem coupled to the vessel for delivering hydrates from an ocean floor to the vessel and separating gas from hydrates removed from an ocean floor, a gas conversion subsystem coupled to the hydrate recovery subsystem for converting gas to liquids, and a storage and removal subsystem. Excess energy from the gas conversion subsystem is used elsewhere in the system. A method of recovering hydrates from an ocean floor is also provided.

Abstract: A down-hole drilling apparatus having a drill tool assembly with a cutting head at one end connected to an umbilical which extends to a retrieval reel on the surface. The umbilical provides electrical power, drilling fluid and means for instrumentation and control signals to be transmitted between the drill tool assembly and a processing device on the surface. The drill tool assembly can propel itself into or out of a bore hole by the cyclical actuation of anchor and ram units or change the direction of drilling by actuation of thruster assemblies in response to control signals sent manually by an operator or automatically by the processing device.