Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method of producing and patterning of well-defined nanoscale and microscale carbon structures with light using a defect-engineered photocatalyst.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an method for the nanoscale creation of functional defects in 2D materials with the ability to control their dimensions and compositions.

Abstract: The inventive concepts disclosed relate to the production of green and blue hydrogen from hydrocarbons using visible light (from a laser, lamp or sun) and defect-engineered boron-rich photocatalysts. We demonstrate that the environment of the B atoms in the lattice can be tuned to favor the dehydrogenation of desired hydrocarbons on reaction sites under visible light. In addition to the hydrogen produced in gas form, carbon atoms are captured by the catalyst and form structures of potential higher value for future applications. Further study of the dark carbonaceous product revealed a graphitic aspect of the material. These findings highlight a new functionality of 2D materials for visible light-assisted capture and conversion of hydrocarbons, with great potential for green hydrogen production ? i.e, hydrogen produced from renewable energy and without the release of CO or CO2.

Abstract: The inventive concepts disclosed relate to the production of green and blue hydrogen from hydrocarbons using visible light (from a laser, lamp or sun) and defect-engineered boron-rich photocatalysts. We demonstrate that the environment of the B atoms in the lattice can be tuned to favor the dehydrogenation of desired hydrocarbons on reaction sites under visible light. In addition to the hydrogen produced in gas form, carbon atoms are captured by the catalyst and form structures of potential higher value for future applications. Further study of the dark carbonaceous product revealed a graphitic aspect of the material. These findings highlight a new functionality of 2D materials for visible light-assisted capture and conversion of hydrocarbons, with great potential for green hydrogen production—i.e, hydrogen produced from renewable energy and without the release of CO or CO2.

Abstract: A plasma-based processing method includes depositing a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) material onto a substrate. The TMDC material is plasma treated in an oxygen containing ambient to oxidize the TMDC material to form oxidized dielectric TMDC material. The oxidized dielectric TMDC material has a higher electrical resistivity as compared an electrical resistivity of the TMDC material before the plasma treating, typically >103 times greater.

Abstract: A plasma-based processing method includes depositing a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) material onto a substrate. The TMDC material is plasma treated in an oxygen containing ambient to oxidize the TMDC material to form oxidized dielectric TMDC material. The oxidized dielectric TMDC material has a higher electrical resistivity as compared an electrical resistivity of the TMDC material before the plasma treating, typically >103 times greater.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a sample that includes applying a first set of energies at a first set of frequencies to a sample and applying, simultaneously with the applying the first set of energies, a second set of energies at a second set of frequencies, wherein the first set of energies and the second set of energies form a multi-mode coupling. The method further includes detecting an effect of the multi-mode coupling.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a sample that includes applying a first set of energies at a first set of frequencies to a sample and applying, simultaneously with the applying the first set of energies, a second set of energies at a second set of frequencies, wherein the first set of energies and the second set of energies form a multi-mode coupling. The method further includes detecting an effect of the multi-mode coupling.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a sample that includes applying a first set of energies at a first set of frequencies to a sample and applying, simultaneously with the applying the first set of energies, a second set of energies at a second set of frequencies, wherein the first set of energies and the second set of energies form a multi-mode coupling. The method further includes detecting an effect of the multi-mode coupling.

Abstract: A method for determining chemical characteristics of a sample, the method including directly applying a first acoustic wave at a first frequency to a probe and applying, independent of the directly applying the first acoustic wave, a second acoustic wave at a second frequency to the sample, wherein the first frequency is different than the second frequency and the first acoustic wave and the second acoustic wave are simultaneously applied to the probe and the sample, respectively, and form a coupling. The method further including applying electromagnetic energy to the sample, wherein the electromagnetic energy is absorbed by the sample causing a change in phase of the second acoustic wave. The method further including detecting an effect of the coupling and determining a spectrum of the sample based on the detecting.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a sample that includes applying a first set of energies at a first set of frequencies to a sample and applying, simultaneously with the applying the first set of energies, a second set of energies at a second set of frequencies, wherein the first set of energies and the second set of energies form a multi-mode coupling. The method further includes detecting an effect of the multi-mode coupling.