Abstract: A safety back-up system for a vehicle automatically applies the brakes to stop the vehicle against reverse movement when the vehicle begins moving backward without an attendant at the rear of the vehicle. The system senses reverse motion of the vehicle, whether rolling backward down an incline or driven backward by the engine and automatically applies the brakes, unless the automatic braking is disabled by application of a manual input by an attendant positioned near the rear of the vehicle with a handheld signal transmitter. A manual override device is available to the vehicle's driver, enabling the driver to override the automatic braking device from inside the vehicle when necessary. A record may be kept in a computer memory of all uses of the manual override, to assure that the system is not defeated.

Abstract: In an illustrated embodiment, brightness, color, opacity and fluorescent contribution to brightness of single thickness sheet material are measured by an optical measuring system providing for simultaneous measurement of transmitted and reflected light. One embodiment is designed so as to be capable of transverse scanning of a moving paper web on the paper machine. An optical window member of translucent diffusing material serves as a backing for the web for reflectance measurements and is in series with the web with respect to transmittance measurements. The optical window itself is selected as to its reflectance and transmittance so as to provide for periodic standardization of the instrument in an off-sheet position. Another embodiment will measure the same optical properties of single thickness sheet material selectively, with spectral response filters for characterizing such optical properties and with a series of narrow band filters.

Abstract: In an illustrated embodiment, brightness, color, opacity and fluorescent contribution to brightness are measured by an on-line sensing head providing for simultaneous measurement of transmitted and reflected light. The instrument is designed so as to be capable of transverse scanning of a moving paper web on the paper machine. An optical window member serves as a backing for the web for reflectance measurements and is in series with the web with respect to transmittance measurements. The optical window itself is selected as to its reflectance and transmittance so as to provide for periodic standardization of the instrument in an off-sheet position.