Abstract: An alternating electric field is applied to ice (530) to generate a resistive AC having a frequency greater than 1000 Hz in interfacial ice at interface (554). A first electrode (510) and a second electrode (514) proximate to the interface are separated by an electrical insulator (512). An AC power source (520) provides a voltage of about 10 to 500 volts across the electrodes to create the alternating electric field. A portion of the capacitive AC associated with the alternating electric field is present in the interfacial ice as conductivity (resistive) AC, which causes dielectric loss heating in the interfacial ice.

Abstract: A system for modifying ice adhesion strength of ice adhered to an object comprises a composite coating containing wire electrodes covering the surface to be protected. In one embodiment, a composite coating contains electrode wires and insulator fibers. The composite coating is applied to the surface of an object on which the ice adhesion strength is to be modified. The electrode wires are connected to a dc bias source, and they function as cathodes and anodes alternately. The source generates a DC bias to an interface between the ice and the surface when the ice completes the circuit between anode and cathode wires. In another embodiment, a wire mesh is disposed on an electrically conductive surface of the object an opposing DC biases are applied to the mesh and the surface. In another embodiment, the coating has anode and cathode wires woven by insulator fibers as a composite cloth applied to the surface to protect the surface from ice.

Abstract: An alternating electric field is applied to ice (530) to generate a resistive AC having a frequency greater than 1000 Hz in interfacial ice at interface (554). A first electrode (510) and a second electrode (514) proximate to the interface are separated by an electrical insulator (512). An AC power source (520) provides a voltage of about 10 to 500 volts across the electrodes to create the alternating electric field. A portion of the capacitive AC associated with the alternating electric field is present in the interfacial ice as conductivity (resistive) AC, which causes dielectric loss heating in the interfacial ice.

Abstract: A system for modifying ice adhesion strength of ice adhered to an object comprises a composite coating containing wire electrodes covering the surface to be protected. In one embodiment, a composite coating contains electrode wires and insulator fibers. The composite coating is applied to the surface of an object on which the ice adhesion strength is to be modified. The electrode wires are connected to a dc bias source, and they function as cathodes and anodes alternately. The source generates a DC bias to an interface between the ice and the surface when the ice completes the circuit between anode and cathode wires. In another embodiment, a wire mesh is disposed on an electrically conductive surface of the object an opposing DC biases are applied to the mesh and the surface. In another embodiment, the coating has anode and cathode wires woven by insulator fibers as a composite cloth applied to the surface to protect the surface from ice.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic powder comprising ferromagnetic particles coated with a material that does not degrade at temperatures above 150° C. and permits adjacent particles to strongly bind together after compaction such that parts made from the ferromagnetic powder have a transverse rupture strength of about 8,000 to about 20,000 pounds/square inch before sintering. The coating includes from 2 to 4 parts of an oxide and one part of a chromate, molybdate, oxalate, phosphate, or tungstate. The coating may be substantially free of organic materials. The invention also includes a method of making the ferromagnetic powder, a method of making soft magnetic parts from the ferromagnetic powder, and soft magnetic parts made from the ferromagnetic powder.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic powder comprising ferromagnetic particles coated with a material that does not degrade at temperatures above 150° C and permits adjacent particles to strongly bind together after compaction such that parts made from the ferromagnetic powder have a transverse rupture strength of about 8,000 to about 20,000 pounds/square inch before sintering. The coating includes from 2 to 4 parts of an oxide and one part of a chromate, molybdate, oxalate, phosphate, or tungstate. The coating may be substantially free of organic materials. The invention also includes a method of making the ferromagnetic powder, a method of making soft magnetic parts from the ferromagnetic powder, and soft magnetic parts made from the ferromagnetic powder.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic powder comprising ferromagnetic particles coated with a material that does not degrade at temperatures above 150° C. and permits adjacent particles to strongly bind together after compaction such that parts made from the ferromagnetic powder have a transverse rupture strength of about 8,000 to about 20,000 pounds/square inch before sintering, The coating includes from 2 to 4 parts of an oxide and one part of a chromate, molybdate, oxalate, phosphate, or tungstate. The coating may be substantially free of organic materials. The invention also includes a method of making the ferromagnetic powder, a method of making soft magnetic parts from the ferromagnetic powder, and soft magnetic parts made from the ferromagnetic powder.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic powder comprising ferromagnetic particles coated with a material that does not degrade at temperatures above 150° C. and permits adjacent particles to strongly bind together after compaction such that parts made from the ferromagnetic powder have a transverse rupture strength of about 8,000 to about 20,000 pounds/square inch before sintering. The coating includes from 2 to 4 parts of an oxide and one part of a chromate, molybdate, oxalate, phosphate, or tungstate. The coating may be substantially free of organic materials. The invention also includes a method of making the ferromagnetic powder, a method of making soft magnetic parts from the ferromagnetic powder, and soft magnetic parts made from the ferromagnetic powder.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method of forming parts having complex geometries made by coating ferrous based powders with a metallurgical coating, pressing the powder to make the parts, and using a low temperature heating step to diffuse the coating into the ferrous based powders.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic powder comprising ferromagnetic particles coated with a material that does not degrade at temperatures above 150° C. and permits adjacent particles to strongly bind together after compaction such that parts made from the ferromagnetic powder have a transverse rupture strength of about 8,000 to about 20,000 pounds/square inch before sintering. The coating includes from 2 to 4 parts of an oxide and one part of a chromate, molybdate, oxalate, phosphate, or tungstate. The coating may be substantially free of organic materials. The invention also includes a method of making the ferromagnetic powder, a method of making soft magnetic parts from the ferromagnetic powder, and soft magnetic parts made from the ferromagnetic powder.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic powder comprising ferromagnetic particles coated with a material that does not degrade at temperatures above 150.degree. C. and permits adjacent particles to strongly bind together after compaction such that parts made from the ferromagnetic powder have a transverse rupture strength of about 8,000 to about 20,000 pounds/square inch before sintering. The coating includes from 2 to 4 parts of an oxide and one part of a chromate, molybdate, oxalate, phosphate, or tungstate. The coating may be substantially free of organic materials. The invention also includes a method of making the ferromagnetic powder, a method of making soft magnetic parts from the ferromagnetic powder, and soft magnetic parts made from the ferromagnetic powder.

Abstract: A process for consolidating powder, particulates, foils or sheets of metal coated composites, elemental metallic or metallic alloy or intermetallic compounds into net shapes having increased green strength at or near ambient temperature comprises treating the material with an aqueous activation solution. The aqueous activation solution is selected from dilute acids, reducing agents, molten salt electrolytes and mixtures thereof. Pressure is used to consolidate the treated powders, particulates, foils or sheets into a net shape at or near ambient temperature.

Abstract: A ferromagnetic powder comprising ferromagnetic particles coated with a material that does not degrade at temperatures above 150.degree. C. and permits adjacent particles to strongly bind together after compaction such that parts made from the ferromagnetic powder have a transverse rupture strength of about 8,000 to about 20,000 pounds/square inch before sintering. The coating includes from 2 to 4 parts of an oxide and one part of a chromate, molybdate, oxalate, phosphate, or tungstate. The coating may be substantially free of organic materials. The invention also includes a method of making the ferromagnetic powder, a method of making soft magnetic parts from the ferromagnetic powder, and soft magnetic parts made from the ferromagnetic powder.

Abstract: Tin, lead or tin-lead alloy electroplating baths producing little or no foam during electroplating, even at conditions of high-speed plating using high current densities and/or vigorous bath circulation, are disclosed comprised of tin and/or lead salts of alkane sulfonic acids, free alkane sulfonic acid, brightening agent, a deforming agent comprised of silicone and silica and/or a silicate in polypropylene glycol, a first nonionic surfactant consisting of an ethoxylated arylphenol and a second nonionic surfactant consisting of an ethoxylated short-chain alcohol.