Abstract: The present invention relates to alignment systems and methods for detecting a distal hole of an intramedullary nail. A jig is attached to the proximal end of the nail and also mounted on the bone. The jig has an adjustable positioning head that includes a drill axis hole along with an alignment pin. The alignment pin includes reference marks that are visible in X-ray images and helps to align the positioning head drill axis with the distal hole of the intramedullary nail. A light source is insertable into the nail in order to shine light out of the distal hole to illuminate a spot on the bone surface as an alignment aid. Viewing optics are mountable on the positioning head for viewing the illuminated spot created by the light source in the intramedullary nail.

Abstract: System and methods for establishing, in combination with an imaging device, a desired orientation of a navigated element having a longitudinal axis, with respect to a bone, the system comprising a jig configured for being directly or indirectly fixed relative to the bone; a positioning head supported by the jig and movable with respect thereto; an angle adjustment member mounted within the positioning head, comprising a passage having a guiding axis, the angle adjustment member being configured for receiving in the passage the navigated element so that the longitudinal axis of the navigated element is aligned with the guiding axis, the angle adjustment member being movable with respect to the positioning head; and an alignment pin having a pin proximal end, a pin distal end and a pin axis, and configured for being received in the passage so that the pin axis is aligned with the guiding axis and so that the pin distal end faces towards the bone, the pin further comprising a light source disposed at its proxima

Abstract: Systems and methods for use with a hollow intramedullary nail having a proximal end, a distal end and at least one distal hole formed in the nail's wall adjacent said distal end and having a hole axis, for detecting a location of said distal hole when the nail is implanted into a intramedullary canal of a bone. The system includes a jig adapted for being mounted on said bone so as to constitute a bridge between the proximal end of said nail and a distal end of said bone, and having a positioning head with a guiding axis oriented generally perpendicular to the nail longitudinal axis, adapted for receiving therein at least a drill bit so that the drill bit's axis is aligned with said guiding axis, the positioning head being movable to bring said guiding axis into different spatial positions with respect to said hole axis.

Abstract: An optical device for viewing an object at a range of working distances. The device comprises a slender tube of a certain length and having a distal end and a proximal end. The device further comprises an imaging system disposed at the distal end and having a wide viewing angle. The device also comprises a telescopic system associated with the proximal end and having a narrow viewing angle. The imaging system is designed to form an image of the object at an image plane located on the device's optical axis and within the tube closer to the distal end than to the proximal end. The telescopic system is designed to enable viewing of the image of the object. The device is especially adapted to function as an endoscope in medical applications and may be disposable.

Abstract: An optical device for viewing an object at a range of working distances. The device comprises a slender tube of a certain length and having a distal end and a proximal end. The device farther comprises an imaging system disposed at the distal end and having a wide viewing angle. The device also comprises a telescopic system associated with the proximal end and having a narrow viewing angle. The imaging system is designed to form an image of the object at an image plane located on the device's optical axis and within the tube closer to the distal end than to the proximal end. The telescopic system is designed to enable viewing of the image of the object. The device is especially adapted to function as an endoscope in medical applications and may be disposable.

Abstract: An optical device for viewing an object at a range of working distances. The device comprises a slender tube of a certain length and having a distal end and a proximal end. The device further comprises an imaging system disposed at the distal end and having a wide viewing angle. The device also comprises a telescopic system associated with the proximal end and having a narrow viewing angle. The imaging system is designed to form an image of the object at an image plane located on the device's optical axis and within the tube closer to the distal end than to the proximal end. The telescopic system is designed to enable viewing of the image of the object. The device is especially adapted to function as an endoscope in medical applications and may be disposable.

Abstract: An optical device for viewing an object at a range of working distances. The device comprises a slender tube of a certain length and having a distal end and a proximal end. The device farther comprises an imaging system disposed at the distal end and having a wide viewing angle. The device also comprises a telescopic system associated with the proximal end and having a narrow viewing angle. The imaging system is designed to form an image of the object at an image plane located on the device's optical axis and within the tube closer to the distal end than to the proximal end. The telescopic system is designed to enable viewing of the image of the object. The device is especially adapted to function as an endoscope in medical applications and may be disposable.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing color effects includes a source of polychromatic light, a transparent linear-polarizer medium located to receive the polychromatic light and to output linearly polarized light, a transparent phase-rotating dispersive medium located to receive the linearly polarized light and to rotate the angle of polarization thereof as a function of wavelength to thereby produce color separation of the polarized light, and a transparent linear-analyzer medium located to receive the light from the dispersive medium at a selected angle to output a selected color thereof.

Abstract: An electronic level indicator, having a housing including at least one planar surface, at least one gravity responsive sensor mounted on the housing, the sensor constituting at least a part of two branches of an electronic bridge circuit, a pulse generator coupled to the bridge circuit for feeding the bridge circuit with short pulses, a differential amplifier connected to the output of the bridge circuit, an A/D converter connected in circuit for receiving signals from the amplifier and a display unit connected to the output of the converter for displaying numerical data indicative of the inclination of the planar surface.

Abstract: An electronic level indicator, having a housing including at least one planar surface, a gravity responsive sensor mounted on the housing, the sensor constituting at least a part of two branches of an electronic bridge circuit, a pulse generator coupled to the bridge circuit for feeding the bridge circuit with short pulses, a differential amplifier connected to the output of the bridge circuit, an A/D converter connected in circuit for receiving signals from the amplifier and a display unit connected to the output of the converter for displaying numerical data indicative of the inclination of the planar surface.

Abstract: Apparatus for milk flow measurement comprising debubbling apparatus for receiving milk which may contain bubbles and for removing bubbles therefrom, measuring apparatus receiving milk from the debubbling apparatus and having an outlet the rate of outflow therethrough being a predetermined function of the amount of milk contained therein, and apparatus for sensing the amount of milk contained in the measuring apparatus, thereby to determine the rate of flow.