Abstract: The invention relates to a method for growth of bacteria, such as Gram negative bacteria and its corresponding supernatant. The bacteria are cultivated without substantial release of endotoxins from the bacteria into the surrounding medium. Thereby the need of purification steps necessary to remove endotoxins are reduced or eliminated such as when the bacteria are producing a product which later on should be administered to a mammal, such as a human. The bacteria are also cultivated without substantial formation of acetic acid. The level of the carbon/energy source is controled during the cultivation and oxygen limitation is avoided through regulation of the temperature. The method may be used for cultivation of bacterial in fermenters.

Abstract: Methods are provided for determining a dissociation constant for each one of at least a portion of a set of compounds. The methods include contacting a solution of the set of compounds with a membrane mimetic surface exhibiting a non-specific compound-dependent affinity for at least the portion of the compounds. A parameter dependent on the non-specific affinity of the surface for each one of at least the portion of the set of compounds in the test solution is measured and used to calculate the dissociation constant.