Abstract: An effusion source comprises a vitreous C filament and a heater to increase the temperature of the filament to produce a C vapor. Also described is a deposition method comprising (a) depositing a layer of material on a substrate, and (b) during step (a), heating a body of material that includes vitreous carbon so that carbon from the body is vaporized and incorporated into the deposited layer.

Abstract: An electronic device comprises a body including a single crystal region on a major surface of the body. The single crystal region has a hexagonal crystal lattice that is substantially lattice-matched to graphene, and a at least one epitaxial layer of graphene is disposed on the single crystal region. In a currently preferred embodiment, the single crystal region comprises multilayered hexagonal BN. A method of making such an electronic device comprises the steps of: (a) providing a body including a single crystal region on a major surface of the body. The single crystal region has a hexagonal crystal lattice that is substantially lattice-matched to graphene, and (b) epitaxially forming a at least one graphene layer on that region. In a currently preferred embodiment, step (a) further includes the steps of (a1) providing a single crystal substrate of graphite and (a2) epitaxially forming multilayered single crystal hexagonal BN on the substrate.

Abstract: Apparatus comprising a surface site layer including a substantially inorganic surface having a chemical composition selected from a group consisting of metals, semiconductors, insulators, and mixtures thereof, the surface positioned within a polypeptide bonding region and having a selective bonding affinity for a polypeptide; a plurality of interlayers between which the surface site layer is interposed; a distal site end on the surface site layer, the distal site end being distanced from the interlayers, the surface being provided on the distal site end; the surface site layer and the interlayers being interposed between first and second supports; first and second conductors provided on the first and second supports and having respective first and second distal conductor ends positioned within the polypeptide bonding region; the conductors being capable of applying an external voltage potential across the polypeptide bonding region.

Abstract: An effusion source comprises a vitreous C filament and a heater to increase the temperature of the filament to produce a C vapor. Also described is a deposition method comprising (a) depositing a layer of material on a substrate, and (b) during step (a), heating a body of material that includes vitreous carbon so that carbon from the body is vaporized and incorporated into the deposited layer.

Abstract: An MBE effusion cell is configured to produce an inverted temperature gradient; that is, the top surface of the melt is not cooler than the bottom surface of the melt. In one embodiment, the MBE effusion cell comprises a crucible having tip, central and base regions. First filaments are located laterally adjacent the tip region; second filaments are located laterally adjacent the central region; and third filaments are located laterally adjacent all three of the regions. The radial density of the number of the heater filaments is lower adjacent the base region than adjacent the tip or central regions. In another embodiment, further tailoring of the inverted temperature gradient is obtained by reducing the amount of insulation at the base of the crucible. In another embodiment, at least one heater filament extends substantially along the longitudinal axis of the crucible and is located adjacent its lateral wall.

Abstract: A method includes epitaxially growing a semiconductor layer with a free surface and performing an anneal that reduces atomic roughness on the free surface. The free surface has an orientation with respect to lattice axes of the layer for which atoms in flat regions of the free surface have more chemical bonds to the layer than do, at least, some of the atoms at edges of monolayer steps on the free surface.