Abstract: A method for making an optical device including establishing a temperature in a composition and applying an electric field to pole the core layer of the composition.

Abstract: A method including poling an optical waveguide device including an optical waveguide core, an electrode, and an organically modified sol-gel layer.

Abstract: A device that comprises: a) a first optical waveguide; b) a second optical waveguide; c) an optical coupling region including the first and second optical waveguides, the optical coupling region characterized as having at least one coupling length and comprising a first bias section, a modulation section, and a second bias section arranged such that light propagates serially through the first bias section, the modulation section, and the second bias section; d) a first bias electrode for biasing the first bias section; e) a modulating electrode for applying a modulating voltage to the modulation section, the modulating electrode being positioned to control the refractive index of the first optical waveguide; and f) a second bias electrode for biasing the second bias section.