Abstract: Char fuels are described that result from a simple and efficient carbonization of cellulosic and/or lignin-containing materials, and can be provided as pellets, briquettes, or powders. Such char fuels show very low water absorption.

Abstract: Char fuels are described that result from a simple and efficient carbonization of cellulosic and/or lignin-containing materials, and can be provided as pellets, briquettes, or powders. Such char fuels show very low water absorption.

Abstract: Methods are provided for simple and efficient carbonization of cellulosic and/or lignin-containing materials to generate a char suitable for use as a pellet fuel. Cellulosic and/or lignin-containing waste materials can be suspended in water with a catalyst and, optionally, a carbonate and heated to generate a char. This char can be dried and formed into carbonized pellets suitable for use as fuel.

Abstract: Methods are provided for simple and efficient carbonization of cellulosic and/or lignin-containing materials to generate a char suitable for use as a pellet fuel. Cellulosic and/or lignin-containing waste materials can be suspended in water with a catalyst and, optionally, a carbonate and heated to generate a char. This char can be dried and formed into carbonized pellets suitable for use as fuel.

Abstract: Computer implemented biofeedback is used to facilitate discussions. Preferred embodiments include the steps of identifying a concept used by at least one of the participants during a discussion, sourcing additional content from outside the discussion, detecting use of a trigger expression by one of the participants, and then further to detecting use of the trigger expression rendering at least some of the additional content to one or more of the participants as an electronic biofeedback signal.

Abstract: Computer implemented biofeedback is used to facilitate discussions. Preferred embodiments include the steps of identifying a concept used by at least one of the participants during a discussion, sourcing additional content from outside the discussion, detecting use of a trigger expression by one of the participants, and then further to detecting use of the trigger expression rendering at least some of the additional content to one or more of the participants as an electronic biofeedback signal.

Abstract: Biofeedback is used to alter subsequent speech of one or more participants engaged in a discussion. Biofeedback signals can range from simplistic (beeps, flashes, vibrations, etc.) to more complicated images, videos, and music. In one aspect, feedback signals can be rendered to the participant(s) based on the extent to which the discussion relates to one or more goals. Signals can be rendered in any suitable manner, including a visual image rendered by a virtual reality headset or other device, an electronically generated auditory sound, other tactilely perceptible vibrations or other movements, preferably in substantially near real-time.