Abstract: A composition includes a photon upconversion nanoparticle coupled to a photosensitizer nanoparticle that can absorb light and convert tissue oxygen into reactive oxygen species. A low temperature hydrothermal method of making photon upconversion nanoparticles includes dispersing Yb(NO3)3, Y(NO3)3, and Er(NO3)3 in water to prepare a mixture; adding an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and NaF with sonication to make a solution; adjusting a pH of the solution to approximately 3.5 using HNO3 and NaOH; treating the solution hydrothermally at approximately 130° C. for approximately 4 hours; quenching to approximately 20° C.; collecting and washing the photon upconversion nanoparticles.

Abstract: Certain embodiments are directed to C70 fullerene derivatives N—N-dimethyl [70]fulleropyrrolidinium iodide. Certain further embodiments are directed to ?, ? and ? isomer of N—N-dimethyl[70]fulleropyrrolidinium iodide.

Abstract: Certain embodiments are directed to C70 fullerene derivatives N-N-dimethyl [70]fulleropyrrolidinium iodide. Certain further embodiments are directed to ?, ? and ? isomer of N-N-dimethyl[70]fulleropyrrolidinium iodide.

Abstract: Certain embodiments useful as HIV-inhibitor agents are directed to fullerene derivatives tetrahydro-1H—C60-fulleropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]thiazine salts (Formula I) or tetrahydro-1H—C70-fulleropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]thiazine salts (Formula II), while further embodiments are directed to ?, ?, ?, and/or ? isomer of tetrahydro-1H—C70-fulleropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]thiazine salt.

Abstract: Design and use of photo-switching, fullerene-based dyads of the design x-D-y-A or D-y-A-x as interfacial layers (IFL) for organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are described herein. The fullerene-based dyads and triads of the present invention contain electron-donating substituents such as porphyrins or phthalocyanines that exhibit charge separation states with long lifetimes upon irradiation, resulting in rejection of electrons reaching the electrode and concurrently promoting the conduction of holes. This phenomenon has a strong rectifying effect on the whole device, not just the interfaces, resulting in improved charge extraction from the interior of the photo-active layer. The invention further describes anchoring an IFL to the ITO surface as a monolayer, bilayer, or greater multilayers. One OPV design embodiment of the present invention embodiment involves the formation of covalent bonds via silane groups (—SiR3) as the anchor (x), to form siloxane bonds.

Abstract: Certain embodiments are directed to fullerene derivatives tetrahydro-1H—C60-fulleropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]thiazine salts (Formula I) or tetrahydro-1H—C70-fulleropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]thiazine salts (Formula II). Certain further embodiments are directed to ?, ?, ?, and/or ? isomer of tetrahydro-1H—C70-fulleropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]thiazine salt.

Abstract: Disclosed are several different processes that can be utilized to prepare endohedral metallofullerenes with specific characteristics. Processes can be utilized to prepare monoadducts including cycloaddition of functional groups to the [6,6] double bond of a pyrene-type site of the fullerene. Also disclosed are simple, economical methods for separating fullerene isomers based upon the different oxidation potentials of the isomers.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for forming carbon nano-onions. The methods include annealing a carbon nanodiamond starting material in an inert atmosphere. The method can be carried out at ambient pressure. Also disclosed are methods for functionalizing carbon nano-onions. For instance, carbon nano-onions can be functionalized so as to be soluble in aqueous or organic solvents, as desired. Also disclosed are methods for separating mixtures of carbon nano-onions. In particular, mixtures of carbon nano-onions can be separated from one another based upon differences in electrochemical characteristics of the different nano-onions.

Abstract: This invention relates to novel heteromacrocyclic compounds which have electrochemically reducible sidearms containing uncharged Lewis basic donor groups appropriately placed to interact with a macroring-bound cation and an electrochemical switching process utilizing same. Reduction of the sidearm's aromatic residue produces a radical anion species. The resulting ligand binds a cation more strongly than does the neutral species. These compounds are therefore of utility as electrochemically controlled cation binders.