Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, methods, and computer program products are disclosed for PQC. An example method includes transmitting a first portion of an electronic communication to a client device over a non-PQC communications channel, wherein the client device comprises a PQC shim circuitry. The example method further includes transmitting one or more communications between a PQC callback circuitry and the client device over a PQC communications channel, wherein the client device is a non-PQC device. The example method further includes transmitting a second portion of the electronic communication to the client device over a PQC communications channel.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide is hydrogenated by water at elevated temperature in an inorganic sulfate fortified sulfuric acid medium, in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and the absence of a sacrificial metal or hydrogen gas. The reaction sequence forms formaldehyde, immediately forming glycolaldehyde then concatenating to longer hydrocarbon chains possessing at least one alcohol group to maintain solubility in the reaction medium. As products of sufficient molecular weight are attained the alcohol group becomes hydrogenated and the hydrocarbons vaporize. Water's hydrogen is sacrificed as the byproduct oxygen reacts with sulfuric acid forming monoperoxysulfuric acid (Caro's acid) that decomposes at elevated temperatures. Products are removed under partial vacuum to preclude partial oxidation of the hydrocarbon fuels facilitating a continuous process.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide is hydrogenated by water at elevated temperature in an inorganic sulfate fortified sulfuric acid medium, in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and the absence of a sacrificial metal or hydrogen gas. The reaction sequence forms formaldehyde, immediately forming glycolaldehyde then concatenating to longer hydrocarbon chains possessing at least one alcohol group to maintain solubility in the reaction medium. As products of sufficient molecular weight are attained the alcohol group becomes hydrogenated and the hydrocarbons vaporize. Water's hydrogen is sacrificed as the byproduct oxygen reacts with sulfuric acid forming monoperoxysulfuric acid (Caro's acid) that decomposes at elevated temperatures. Products are removed under partial vacuum to preclude partial oxidation of the hydrocarbon fuels facilitating a continuous process.

Abstract: Sugars comprising the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, and the disaccharides sucrose and mannose are catalytically converted to ethanol at ambient temperature in a sulfate fortified acid medium in the presence of transition metal compounds possessing a degree of symmetry. This is not a fermentation process but is a catalytic chemical process where conversion efficiency is improved by saturating the acidic reaction mixture with inorganic sulfate salts to reduce competitive reactions. Ethanol formed during the reaction may be removed by distillation, following injection of nitric acid, facilitating a continuous process.

Abstract: Catalytic chemical (not biological) reactions conducted during acid digestion of most cellulosic materials, comprising newspaper, wood sawdust, corn cobs, switchgrass and bagasse, are taught for direct conversion to ethanol with conversion efficiencies of at least 90 percent in less than 5 minutes. The cellulose material is thoroughly wet in a salt saturated sulfuric acid medium in the presence of transition metal salt catalysts possessing a degree of symmetry to form ethanol that can be removed by distillation affording a continuous process.

Abstract: Catalytic chemical (not biological) reactions conducted during acid digestion of most cellulosic materials, comprising newspaper, wood sawdust, corn cobs, switchgrass and bagasse, are taught for direct conversion to ethanol with conversion efficiencies of at least 90 percent in less than 5 minutes. The cellulose material is thoroughly wet in a salt saturated sulfuric acid medium in the presence of transition metal salt catalysts possessing a degree of symmetry to form ethanol that can be removed by distillation affording a continuous process.

Abstract: Renewable resources comprising bagasse, corn stover, wood sawdust and switch grass are subject to direct catalytic conversion or bio-fermentation producing ethanol leaving complex lignin compounds for disposal. Chemical conversion of lignin compounds (recoverable from digested lignin) to substituted phenols followed by a carbon steel catalyzed pulsed flow hydrogenation produces cresol and substituted creosol compounds. The pulsed flow process produced close to 100 percent reduction of the reactants compared to 25 percent with continuous flow and is applicable to aliphatic carboxylic acid compounds such as natural oils producing valued liquid hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Catalytic processes have been developed for direct chemical conversion of aqueous carbonyl type compounds including amides, sulfoxides and related carbonyl type compounds to methyl ether polymers, substituted methyl ether polymers and/or substituted methyl ether ladder polymers. Amide and sulfoxide carbonyl type compounds including DMF, DMAc, MBAc, MEHx, amides prepared from an organic acid including serine, arginine, histidine and related amino acids, reacted with amines including monoethanolamine, butylamines, methylpropylamines and related amines and DMSO have been polymerized in an aqueous environment to methyl ether polymers, substituted methyl ether polymers or substituted methyl ether ladder polymers by this catalytic process. The catalysts are based on molecular strings of mono-, di- and tri-valent transition metal compounds.