Abstract: A method for preventing cytokine storm by suppressing clonal expansion of hyperactivated lymphocytes in a COVID-19 infected patient. The method includes placing at least four electrodes on skin of the COVID-19 infected patient by putting at least two electrodes at two locations over chest in front of ribcage of the COVID-19 infected patient and putting at least two other electrodes at two locations adjacent to lung tissue of the COVID-19 infected patient and suppressing mitosis of hyperactivated proliferative lymphocytes cells within the lung tissue of the COVID-19 infected patient by electrically stimulating the hyperactivated proliferative lymphocytes. Electrically stimulating the hyperactivated proliferative lymphocytes includes generating an alternating electric field (AEF) within the lung tissue by applying an AC voltage to the at least four electrodes and periodically changing a direction of the generated AEF in a plurality of directions within the lung tissue.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a biosensor for metastasis diagnosis. The method includes coating a photoresist layer on a substrate layer, forming a patterned region by patterning the photoresist layer utilizing a photolithography process, forming a nano-roughened patterned region by forming a plurality of nano-features on the patterned region, stripping the photoresist layer from the substrate layer, forming an array of microelectrodes and a corresponding array of electrical connections on the nano-roughened patterned region by depositing a gold/titanium (Au/Ti) bilayer on the substrate layer with the nano-roughened patterned region and forming a metastatic cell sensing trap on at least one microelectrode of the array of microelectrodes. Where, forming the metastatic cell sensing trap includes placing a solution of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) on the biosensor and forcing an attachment between at least one HUVEC of the HUVECs and the at least one microelectrode on the biosensor.

Abstract: A biosensor for measuring an electrical response from a biological sample. The biosensor includes a substrate, a passivation layer grown on a surface of the substrate, a patterned catalyst layer deposited on the passivation layer, and three electrodes grown on the patterned catalyst layer. The three electrodes include a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. The working electrode includes a first array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to be an attachment site for the biological sample. The counter electrode includes a second array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to acquire the electrical response from the working electrode. The reference electrode includes a third array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to adjust a specific voltage around the working and the counter electrodes.

Abstract: A method for preventing cytokine storm by suppressing clonal expansion of hyperactivated lymphocytes in a COVID-19 infected patient. The method includes placing at least four electrodes on skin of the COVID-19 infected patient by putting at least two electrodes at two locations over chest in front of ribcage of the COVID-19 infected patient and putting at least two other electrodes at two locations adjacent to lung tissue of the COVID-19 infected patient and suppressing mitosis of hyperactivated proliferative lymphocytes cells within the lung tissue of the COVID-19 infected patient by electrically stimulating the hyperactivated proliferative lymphocytes. Electrically stimulating the hyperactivated proliferative lymphocytes includes generating an alternating electric field (AEF) within the lung tissue by applying an AC voltage to the at least four electrodes and periodically changing a direction of the generated AEF in a plurality of directions within the lung tissue.

Abstract: An apparatus for in-vivo measuring H2O2 oxidation within a living tissue. The apparatus includes an electrochemical probe and an electrochemical stimulator-analyzer. The electrochemical probe includes a sensing part and a handle. The sensing part includes a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. The working electrode includes a first biocompatible conductive needle coated with a layer of vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The counter electrode includes a second biocompatible conductive needle. The reference electrode includes a third biocompatible conductive needle. The electrochemical stimulator-analyzer is configured to generate a set of electrical currents in a portion of the living tissue.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. The method includes drawing a blood sample from a person suspected to be infected with COVID-19 virus, separating a blood serum sample from the blood sample by centrifuging the blood sample, recording an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) associated with the blood serum sample, calculating a charge transfer resistance (RCT) of the recorded EIS by measuring a diameter of a semicircular curved part of the recorded EIS, and detecting a COVID-19 infection of the person based on the calculated RCT if the calculated RCT is equal to or more than a threshold value.

Abstract: An electrochemical probe for in-vivo measurement of H2O2 oxidation within a living tissue. The electrochemical probe includes a sensing part and a handle. The sensing part includes a working electrode including a first biocompatible conductive needle, a counter electrode including a second biocompatible conductive needle, and a reference electrode including a third biocompatible conductive needle. The working electrode, the counter electrode, and the reference electrode are configured to be put in contact with the living tissue by inserting the sensing part into the living tissue. The handle includes an insertion part that may be configured to insert the sensing part into the living tissue. The sensing part is attached to the insertion part.

Abstract: A system for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. The system includes a biosensor, an electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, and a processing unit. The biosensor is configured to be put in contact with a blood serum sample of a person suspected to be infected of COVID-19 virus. The processing unit is configured to apply an AC potential amplitude to the biosensor while sweeping a frequency range utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, recording an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) associated with the blood serum sample utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, calculating a charge transfer resistance (RCT) of the recorded EIS, and detecting a COVID-19 infection of the person based on the calculated RCT if the calculated RCT is equal to or more than a threshold value.

Abstract: A system for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. The system includes a biosensor, an electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, and a processing unit. The biosensor is configured to be put in contact with a blood serum sample of a person suspected to be infected of COVID-19 virus. The processing unit is configured to apply an AC potential amplitude to the biosensor while sweeping a frequency range utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, recording an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) associated with the blood serum sample utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, calculating a charge transfer resistance (RCT) of the recorded EIS, and detecting a COVID-19 infection of the person based on the calculated RCT if the calculated RCT is equal to or more than a threshold value.

Abstract: A method for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. The method includes drawing a blood sample from a person suspected to be infected with COVID-19 virus, separating a blood serum sample from the blood sample by centrifuging the blood sample, recording an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) associated with the blood serum sample, calculating a charge transfer resistance (RCT) of the recorded EIS by measuring a diameter of a semicircular curved part of the recorded EIS, and detecting a COVID-19 infection of the person based on the calculated RCT if the calculated RCT is equal to or more than a threshold value.

Abstract: An electrochemical probe for in-vivo measurement of H2O2 oxidation within a living tissue. The electrochemical probe includes a sensing part and a handle. The sensing part includes a working electrode including a first biocompatible conductive needle, a counter electrode including a second biocompatible conductive needle, and a reference electrode including a third biocompatible conductive needle. The working electrode, the counter electrode, and the reference electrode are configured to put in contact with the living tissue by inserting the sensing part into the living tissue. The handle includes an insertion part that may be configured to insert the sensing part into the living tissue. The sensing part is attached to the insertion part.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a biosensor for metastasis diagnosis. The method includes coating a photoresist layer on a substrate layer, forming a patterned region by patterning the photoresist layer utilizing a photolithography process, forming a nano-roughened patterned region by forming a plurality of nano-features on the patterned region, stripping the photoresist layer from the substrate layer, forming an array of microelectrodes and a corresponding array of electrical connections on the nano-roughened patterned region by depositing a gold/titanium (Au/Ti) bilayer on the substrate layer with the nano-roughened patterned region and forming a metastatic cell sensing trap on at least one microelectrode of the array of microelectrodes. Where, forming the metastatic cell sensing trap includes placing a solution of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) on the biosensor and forcing an attachment between at least one HUVEC of the HUVECs and the at least one microelectrode on the biosensor.

Abstract: A biosensor for measuring an electrical response from a biological sample. The biosensor includes a substrate, a passivation layer grown on a surface of the substrate, a patterned catalyst layer deposited on the passivation layer, and three electrodes grown on the patterned catalyst layer. The three electrodes include a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. The working electrode includes a first array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to be an attachment site for the biological sample. The counter electrode includes a second array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to acquire the electrical response from the working electrode. The reference electrode includes a third array of electrically conductive biocompatible nanostructures that is configured to adjust a specific voltage around the working and the counter electrodes.

Abstract: An electrochemical method for detecting effect of an anticancer drug on cancer cells, including: culturing a plurality of cancer cells to form cultured cells, attaching the cultured cells onto an array of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) electrodes, measuring a first electrochemical response of the attached cells onto the array of electrodes, adding an anticancer drug to the attached cells onto the array of electrodes to form drug-treated cells, measuring a second electrochemical response of the drug-treated cells, and determining the effect of the anticancer drug on the cancer cells based on a comparison of the first and the second electrochemical responses.

Abstract: An electrochemical method for detecting effect of an anticancer drug on cancer cells, including: culturing a plurality of cancer cells to form cultured cells, attaching the cultured cells onto an array of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) electrodes, measuring a first electrochemical response of the attached cells onto the array of electrodes, adding an anticancer drug to the attached cells onto the array of electrodes to form drug-treated cells, measuring a second electrochemical response of the drug-treated cells, and determining the effect of the anticancer drug on the cancer cells based on a comparison of the first and the second electrochemical responses.