Abstract: A method for producing an amorphous carbon particle includes the steps of: obtaining a first crosslinked product by admixing mesophase particles with an amorphous carbon precursor and thereafter subjecting the mixture to a crosslinking treatment, or obtaining a second crosslinked product by crosslinking the amorphous carbon precursor and thereafter admixing the mesophase particles with the crosslinked precursor; and subjecting the first or second crosslinked product to an infusibilization treatment and thereafter firing the product to produce amorphous carbon particles including the mesophase particles within the particles.

Abstract: A method for producing amorphous carbon particles comprising includes adding and mixing graphite particles into a precursor of amorphous carbon and then cross-linking the precursor of amorphous carbon to obtain a first cross-linked product, or cross-linking a precursor of amorphous carbon and then adding and mixing graphite particles into the cross-linked precursor of amorphous carbon to obtain a second cross-linked product. Infusibility is imparted to the first or second cross-linked product to obtain an infusibilized product to which infusibility has been imparted. The infusibilized product is baked to obtain amorphous carbon particles. The amorphous carbon particles include the graphite particles and amorphous carbon which embeds the graphite particles.

Abstract: A method for producing amorphous carbon particles comprising includes adding and mixing graphite particles into a precursor of amorphous carbon and then cross-linking the precursor of amorphous carbon to obtain a first cross-linked product, or cross-linking a precursor of amorphous carbon and then adding and mixing graphite particles into the cross-linked precursor of amorphous carbon to obtain a second cross-linked product. Infusibility is imparted to the first or second cross-linked product to obtain an infusibilized product to which infusibility has been imparted. The infusibilized product is baked to obtain amorphous carbon particles. The amorphous carbon particles include the graphite particles and amorphous carbon which embeds the graphite particles.

Abstract: A method for producing a non-graphitizable carbon material includes providing a raw material of a non-graphitizable carbon material. The raw material is cross-linked to obtain a cross-linked product. The cross-linked product is infusibilized to obtain an infusibilized product. The infusibilized product is baked to obtain the non-graphitizable carbon material. A mechanochemical treatment is performed on the cross-linked product or the infusibilized product.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a non-graphitizable carbon material, the method including a step in which a raw material of the non-graphitizable carbon material is subjected to a cross-linking treatment to obtain a cross-linked product; a step in which the cross-linked product is subjected to an infusibility-imparting treatment to obtain an infusibility-imparted product; a step in which the infusibility-imparted product is subjected to a pulverizing treatment; and a step in which the infusibility-imparted product that has been subjected to the pulverizing treatment is fired at 900° C. to 1300° C. to obtain the non-graphitizable carbon material.

Abstract: A method for producing an amorphous carbon particle includes the steps of: obtaining a first crosslinked product by admixing mesophase particles with an amorphous carbon precursor and thereafter subjecting the mixture to a crosslinking treatment, or obtaining a second crosslinked product by crosslinking the amorphous carbon precursor and thereafter admixing the mesophase particles with the crosslinked precursor; and subjecting the first or second crosslinked product to an infusibilization treatment and thereafter firing the product to produce amorphous carbon particles including the mesophase particles within the particles.

Abstract: Provided is a method for producing a non-graphitizable carbon material, the method including a step in which a raw material of the non-graphitizable carbon material is subjected to a cross-linking treatment to obtain a cross-linked product; a step in which the cross-linked product is subjected to an infusibility-imparting treatment to obtain an infusibility-imparted product; a step in which the infusibility-imparted product is subjected to a pulverizing treatment; and a step in which the infusibility-imparted product that has been subjected to the pulverizing treatment is fired at 900° C. to 1300° C. to obtain the non-graphitizable carbon material.

Abstract: A method for producing a non-graphitizable carbon material includes providing a raw material of a non-graphitizable carbon material. The raw material is cross-linked to obtain a cross-linked product. The cross-linked product is infusibilized to obtain an infusibilized product. The infusibilized product is baked to obtain the non-graphitizable carbon material. A mechanochemical treatment is performed on the cross-linked product or the infusibilized product.

Abstract: A method for producing amorphous carbon particles comprising includes adding and mixing graphite particles into a precursor of amorphous carbon and then cross-linking the precursor of amorphous carbon to obtain a first cross-linked product, or cross-linking a precursor of amorphous carbon and then adding and mixing graphite particles into the cross-linked precursor of amorphous carbon to obtain a second cross-linked product. Infusibility is imparted to the first or second cross-linked product to obtain an infusibilized product to which infusibility has been imparted. The infusibilized product is baked to obtain amorphous carbon particles. The amorphous carbon particles include the graphite particles and amorphous carbon which embeds the graphite particles.

Abstract: Carbon substrate carrying an organic polymer containing aliphatic amino groups on its side chain, for a lithium ion rechargeable battery, the carbon substrate showing a high initial charge-discharge efficiency and discharge capacitance.

Abstract: A method for treating plastics, which is feasible on plastics containing films mixed therein, which is capable of performing dehydrochlorination simultaneously, and which provides processed plastics capable of being easily size-reduced. The method includes mixing the plastics with an organic solvent at a temperature not lower than 150.degree. C.; allowing the plastics to dissolve and/or swell; removing the organic solvent or both the organic solvent and low-boiling point components from the treated solution thereafter; and solidifying the resulting product. The method can produce solid fuels and reducing agents for ores.

Abstract: The improved process for preparing para-hydroxybenzoic acid comprises reacting potassium phenol with carbon dioxide in an inert reaction medium or without using a reaction medium in the presence of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by the following general formula I or II: ##STR1## at a reaction temperature of 230.degree.-450.degree. C. and at a carbon dioxide pressure ranging from atmospheric pressure to 6 kg/cm.sup.2 (G). The process may comprise two stages and the first-stage reaction described above is followed by the second stage in which the reaction is further continued with the pressure of carbon dioxide in the system being reduced and/or the reaction temperature being elevated within the range specified above.Also, phenol may be used as the starting material instead of potassium phenolate.

Abstract: Para-hydroxybenzoic acid is prepared by reacting an alkali metal salt of phenol except the lithium and sodium salts with carbon dioxide in the presence of at least one compound selected from compounds of the following formulae (I) and (II): ##STR1## In formulae (I) and (II), M is an alkali metal except lithium and sodium; R is any substituent except an aliphatic hydroxy group having up to 4 carbon atoms, an aliphatic mercapto group having up to 4 carbon atoms, a substituent having at least one of them as its structural unit, and a hydrogen atom; R' is any substituent except an aliphatic hydroxy group having up to 4 carbon atoms, an aliphatic mercapto group having up to 4 carbon atoms, and a substituent having at least one of them as its structural unit; in formula (I) n is an integer of 1 to 5, and R groups may be the same or different when n is more than one; in formula (II) m is an integer of 1 to 5 and l is an integer of 0 to 4, and M alkali metals may be the same or different when m is one or more, and R'