Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images comprises,(i) a binder resin,(ii) a colorant, and(iii) a compound made by a reaction of a monohydroxylic compound having a long-chain alkyl group having an alkylene group with 40 or more carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group with a carboxylic acid having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less, or a compound made by a reaction of a monocarboxylic compound having a long-chain alkyl group having an alkylene group with 40 or more carbon atoms and a carboxyl group with an alcohol having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image has a binder resin and a colorant.The binder resin contains a polyester resin at least part of which has a long-chain alkyl group having 22 to carbon atoms and has a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group at its terminal.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image is constituted by a binder resin and a colorant. The toner is characterized by a percentage change .sub.G' of at most 50% as calculated by the following formula (1):.gamma..sub.G' =(1-G'.sub.50% /G'.sub.1%).times.100 (1),wherein .gamma..sub.G' denotes a percentage change of storage modulus, G'.sub.50% denotes a storage modulus at 50% strain at 150.degree. C., and G'.sub.1% denotes a storage modulus at 1% strain at 150.degree. C.; a percentage change .gamma..sub.G" of at most 50% as calculated by the following formula (2):.gamma..sub.G" =(1-G".sub.50% /G".sub.1%).times.100 (2),wherein .gamma..sub.G" denotes a percentage change of loss modulus, G".sub.50% denotes a loss modulus at 50% strain, and G".sub.1% denotes a loss modulus at 1% strain; and a storage modulus G' of 3.times.10.sup.3 -7.times.10.sup.4 dyn/cm.sup.2 in a range of 1-50% strain at 150.degree. C.

Abstract: An image forming method in which a toner-carrying member for carrying a specific magnetic toner is placed adjacent a latent image-bearing member for carrying an electrostatic latent image so as to form a developing region of a predetermined gap size. The magnetic toner on the toner-carrying member forms a toner layer of a regulated thickness smaller than the above-mentioned gap. An asymmetric bias is applied to the magnetic toner so as to cause the magnetic toner from the toner-carrying member to be conveyed to the latent image-bearing member thereby to develop the electrostatic latent image.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image is constituted by a binder resin and a colorant The binder resin is characterized by containing at least 20 wt. % of an extraction residue after 6 hours of extraction and below 20 wt. % of an extraction residue after 72 hours of extraction respectively by Soxhlet extraction with tetrahydrofuran. The toner shows a dynamic modulus and a loss modulus, respectively at 200.degree. C. and 0.1 Hz, which are substantially unchanging with time. The properties provide the toner with a harmonization of anti-offset characteristic and fixability as well as stable viscoelasticity under heating.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus and a process cartridge includes a toner for developing an electrostatic image that is constituted by at least a binder resin and a charge control agent. The binder resin has an acid value of 5-50. The charge control agent includes an iron complex represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 independently denote hydrogen atom, lower alkyl group, lower alkoxy group, nitro group or halogen atom; m and m' denote an integer of 1-3; R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 independently denote hydrogen atom, C.sub.1-18 alkyl or alkenyl, sufonamide, mesyl, sulfonic acid group, carboxy ester group, hydroxy, C.sub.1-18 alkoxy, acetylamino, benzoylamino or halogen atom; n and n' denote an integer of 1-3; R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 denote hydrogen atom or nitro group; and A.sup.+ denotes hydrogen ion, sodium ion, potassium ion or ammonium ion. The toner has a weight-average particle size (D.sub.4) of 4-9 .mu.m and including toner particles having a particle size of 5 .mu.

Abstract: A magnetic toner has magnetic resin particles containing at least a binder resin, a charge control agent and a magnetic powder. The surface-modified fine silica powder being a fine silica powder has been treated with a hydrophobicizing agent. The fine silica powder has a specific surface area of not less than 180 m.sup.2 /g, a hydrophobicity of from 60% to 95% and a bulk density of from 35 g/lit. to 49 g/lit.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image is constituted by at least a binder resin and a charge control agent. The binder resin has an acid value of 5-50. The charge control agent comprises an iron complex represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 independently denote hydrogen atom, lower alkyl group, lower alkoxy group, nitro group or halogen atom; m and m' denote an integer of 1-3; R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 independently denote hydrogen atom, C.sub.1-18 alkyl or alkenyl, sufonamide, mesyl, sulfonic acid group, carboxy ester group, hydroxy, C.sub.1-18 alkoxy, acetylamino, benzoylamino or halogen atom; n and n' denote an integer of 1-3; R.sub.2 and R.sub.4 denote hydrogen atom or nitro group; and A.sup.+ denotes hydrogen ion, sodium ion, potassium ion or ammonium ion. The toner has a weight-average particle size (D.sub.4) of 4-9 .mu.m and including toner particles having a particle size of 5 .mu.m or smaller at 3-90% by number, toner particles having a particle size of 6.35-10.

Abstract: A magnetic toner comprises a binder resin and a magnetic material.The magnetic toner has a volume average particle diameter of not more than 9 .mu.m and the variation coefficient of particle size distribution, (.sigma.T/D).times.100, of the magnetic toner satisfies the following condition:25.ltoreq.(.sigma.T/D).times.100.ltoreq.35where D represents a volume average particle diameter (.mu.m) of the magnetic toner and .sigma.T represents a value of standard deviation of the volume particle size distribution of the magnetic toner,The magnetic material has a number average particle diameter of from 0.1 .mu.m to 0.2 .mu.m and the variation coefficient of particle size distribution, (.sigma./X).times.100, of the magnetic material satisfies the following condition:(.sigma./X).times.100.ltoreq.40where X represents a number average particle diameter (.mu.m) of the magnetic material and .sigma. represents a value of standard deviation of the number particle size distribution of the magnetic material.

Abstract: A monocomponent-type developer for developing electrostatic images, includes a magnetic toner containing at least a binder resin and magnetic powder, and 0.5-10 wt. % (based on the magnetic toner) of inorganic fine powder having a length-average particle size of 0.1-5 .mu.m. The developer has a number-basis particle size distribution such that particles of 4 .mu.m or smaller are contained at 5-18% by number and particles of 4-10 .mu.m are contained at at least 60% by number. The developer has a volume basis particle size distribution such that particles of 12.7 .mu.m or larger are contained at at most 10% by volume. The developer has a weight-average particle size of 7-11 .mu.m. The developer is particularly useful for development under application of a DC-superposed asymmetric AC bias electric field including a development-side voltage component with a larger magnitude and a shorter duration than a reverse development-side voltage component.

Abstract: An image forming method in which a toner-carrying member for carrying a specific magnetic toner is placed adjacent a latent image-bearing member for carrying an electrostatic latent image so as to form a developing region of a predetermined gap size. The magnetic toner on the toner-carrying member forms a toner layer of a regulated thickness smaller than the above-mentioned gap. An asymmetric bias is applied to the magnetic toner so as to cause the magnetic toner from the toner-carrying member to be conveyed to the latent image-bearing member thereby to develop the electrostatic latent image.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image is constituted by a binder resin and a colorant. The binder resin is characterized by containing at least 20 wt. % of an extraction residue after 6 hours of extraction and below 20 wt. % of an extraction residue after 72 hours of extraction respectively by Soxhlet extraction with tetrahydrofuran. The toner shows a dynamic modulus and a loss modulus, respectively at 200.degree. C. and 0.1 Hz, which are substantially unchanging with time. The properties provide the toner with a harmonization of anti-offset characteristic and fixability as well as stable viscoelasticity under heating.

Abstract: A magnetic toner for electrophotography having stable triboelectric chargeability under various environmental conditions may be provided by using magnetic iron oxide particles having a moderately high surface Feo content, specified by the following conditions: (a) a dissolved Fe (II) content in dissolved total iron of 14-33.3 wt. % at a dissolved total iron percentage of 5.+-.1 wt. %, (b) a dissolved Fe (II) content in dissolved total iron of 17-33.3 wt. % at a dissolved total iron percentage of 10.+-.1 wt. %, and (c) a dissolved Fe (II) content in dissolved total iron of 18-33.3 wt. % at a dissolved total iron percentage of 15.+-.1 wt.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic image is provided as a pulverized mixture including a binder resin and a colorant. The binder resin is characterized by a molecular weight distribution on a GPC chromatogram of its tetrahydrofuran (THF)-soluble resin content including below 15% of a resin component in a molecular weight region of at most 5000 and at least 5 wt. % of a resin component in a molecular weight region of at least 5.times.10.sup.6 and showing a main peak in a molecular weight region of 5000 to 5.times.10.sup.6. The THF-soluble resin component in the molecular weight region of at least 5.times.10.sup.6 is extremely enriched during a melt-kneading step during the toner production, so as to effectively prevent toner flowout from a member for cleaning a fixing roller.

Abstract: A binder resin comprises a vinyl copolymer, a mixture of vinyl copolymers, or a mixture of a vinyl copolymer and a vinyl polymer. A resin component with a molecular weight of not more than 10,000 is contained in an amount of from 5 to 50% by weight based on the whole resin. The vinyl copolymer or the mixture of vinyl copolymers has an acid anhydride group and a carboxyl group.

Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images, comprises a binder resin and a colorant, wherein the binder resin comprises a vinyl copolymer having an acid anhydride group, and the binder resin has a total acid value (A) of 2-100 mgKOH/g and a total acid value (B) attributable to acid anhydride group of below 6 mgKOH/g so that [(B)/(A)].times.100 is 60% or less. Because the binder resin has a specified acid value partly attributable to acid anhydride group, the toner is provided with an adequate balance between chargeability and dischargeability, so that the toner shows a stable performance under various environmental conditions. The toner is particularly advantageously constituted as a magnetic toner of fine particle sizes suitably used under application of unsymmetrical alternating bias electric field.

Abstract: A toner for developing electrostatic images, comprises a binder resin and a colorant, wherein the binder resin comprises a vinyl copolymer having an acid anhydride group, and the binder resin has a total acid value (A) of 2-100 mgKOH/g and a total acid value (B) attributable to acid anhydride group of below 6 mgKOH/g so that [(B)/(A)].times.100 is 60% or less. Because the binder resin has a specified acid value partly attributable to acid anhydride group, the toner is provided with an adequate balance between chargeability and dischargeability, so that the toner shows a stable performance under various environmental conditions. The toner is particularly advantageously constituted as a magnetic toner of fine particle sizes suitably used under application of unsymmetrical alternating bias electric field.