Abstract: A method for preventing damage to the strand guide elements of strand guide arrangements or roller aprons of a continuous casting installation for metals, especially steel, wherein it is possible to withdraw a strand which is immobile in the strand guide arrangement or roller apron, by means of a powerful withdrawal unit, without the risk of damaging elements of the strand guide arrangement. At pre-selected locations of the strand guide arrangement there are determined the withdrawal forces effective at such locations and acting upon the elements of the strand guide arrangement. Upon exceeding maximum permissible values the strand withdrawal operation is interrupted.

Abstract: The narrow sides or side walls of a plate mold are adjusted or set, during continuous casting, while increasing their mutual spacing from one another in order to increase the sectional shape or format of the continuously cast strand. The withdrawn heat of the narrow sides of the mold is measured and used as a control magnitude for setting the adjustment speed of such narrow sides of the mold.

Abstract: A method of monitoring the mold geometry during the continuous casting of billets and blooms formed of steel. During the progress of the continuous casting operation there is measured the actual value of the withdrawal of heat at the continuous casting mold and this value is compared with a set or reference value. In the presence of a deviation exceeding a predetermined magnitude there is determined a damaging mold geometry.

Abstract: An element guard for an electric toaster is formed from a sheet metal blank and has at least one grid formed by extending a slotted area of the blank. The guard defines a toasting chamber within the toaster and the grid has openings therein so that heat radiated by a heating element of the toaster can toast bread in the toasting chamber.

Abstract: A ball mill having a wall forming a hollow tubular grinding chamber therein with balls or rods within the chamber and means for driving the chamber in a vibratory grinding motion with a fixed body in the form of an elongate shaft within the chamber supported on a tubular wearing plate having a gap along one side and springing outwardly to support itself firmly within the grinding chamber and having arms extending between the wearing plate and the fixed shaft for supporting the shaft and a removable end for the grinding chamber so that the shaft and wearing plate can be removed for replacement from the grinding chamber.