Abstract: Various examples are provided for channeling X-rays. In one example, among others, a system includes an electron gun including afield-emitting cathode capable of producing an electron beam with exquisitely small emittance, an accelerator capable of accelerating the emitted electrons to relativistic energies, and a focusing assembly capable of focusing the accelerated electrons into a focal spot on a diamond crystal to produce hard X-rays. In another example, a method includes producing an exquisitely small emittance of electrons from a field-emitting cathode, accelerating the emitted electrons to relativistic energies, focusing the accelerated electrons into a focal spot on a diamond crystal, and emitting hard X-rays from the diamond crystal.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved method and system for synchronizing signals in a particle accelerator system. In one embodiment, a method and system is disclosed whereby a phase of laser pulses are monitored, and a high-frequency signal is adjusted as necessary to be substantially in-phase with the laser pulses. In another embodiment, a method and system is disclosed whereby a phase of an electromagnetic field in an electron gun is monitored, and a high-frequency signal is adjusted as necessary to be substantially in-phase with the electromagnetic field.

Abstract: A system for generating tunable pulsed monochromatic X-rays includes a tabletop laser emitting a light beam that is counter-propagated against an electron beam produced by a linear accelerator. X-ray photon pulses are generated by inverse Compton scattering that occurs as a consequence of the “collision” that occurs between the electron beam and IR photons generated by the laser. The system uses a novel pulse structure comprising, for example, a single micropulse. In this way, pulses of very short X-rays are generated that are controllable on an individual basis with respect to their frequency, energy level, “direction,” and duration.

Abstract: A system for generating tunable pulsed monochromatic X-rays includes a tabletop laser emitting a light beam that is counter-propagated against an electron beam produced by a linear accelerator. X-ray photon pulses are generated by inverse Compton scattering that occurs as a consequence of the “collision” that occurs between the electron beam and IR photons generated by the laser. The system uses a novel pulse structure comprising, for example, a single micropulse. In this way, pulses of very short X-rays are generated that are controllable on an individual basis with respect to their frequency, energy level, “direction,” and duration.

Abstract: A system for generating tunable pulsed monochromatic X-rays comprises a tabletop terawatt laser delivering 10 Joules of energy in 10 ps at a wavelength of 1.1 microns. The light beam from the laser is counter-propagated against an electron beam produced by a linear accelerator. X-ray photons are generated by inverse Compton scattering that occurs as a consequence of the “collision” that occurs between the electron beam and IR photons generated by the laser. The system uses a novel pulse structure comprising, in a preferred embodiment, a single micropulse. The LINAC is configured to generate an electron beam having 1 nanocoulomb of charge in a microbunch having a pulse length of about 5 picoseconds or less (or an electron beam brightness of 1012 A/m2−radian2@ 500 A).

Abstract: A microchannel plate detector device is intended for use in the detection of low energy electrons and negative ions in particle time-of-flight measurement systems. A vacuum isolator isolates the microchannel plate signal output from ground as well as from the vacuum chamber of the meaurement system. A coupling unit includes a pulse isolator for separating pulse signals from the microchannel plate DC bias voltage. Electronic circuitry matches the output impedance of the coupling unit to the input impedance of the measurement system signal processor, thereby minimizing reflection and distortion of high frequency pulse signals.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining material properties such as composition and structure of the surfaces of bulk materials and thin film sample members using time-of-flight medium energy particle scattering is provided. The method and apparatus are based upon scattering particles from a sample material or ejecting particles from the sample material. The particles may include both uncharged particles and charged particles. Particles are scattered into a chamber from a sample surface using known methods. The particles pass through the first of two grids which grid is held at ground potential and which limits the electrostatic field. The particles then pass through a very thin carbon foil which is held at a potential of -3kV. On passing through the carbon foil the particles emit secondary electrons. An electric field is created between the carbon foil and the second grid, which accelerates the secondary electrons. The electrons strike a first microchannel plate detector and this generates a start pulse.

Abstract: Films (12) of a metal such as gold or other non-insulator materials are firmly bonded to other non-insulators such as semiconductor substrates (10), suitably silicon or gallium arsenide by irradiating the interface with high energy ions. The process results in improved adhesion without excessive doping and provides a low resistance contact to the semiconductor. Thick layers can be bonded by depositing or doping the interfacial surfaces with fissionable elements or alpha emitters. The process can be utilized to apply very small, low resistance electrodes (78) to light-emitting solid state laser diodes (60) to form a laser device 70.