Abstract: The invention relates to a method of making a paper product 10, 10.01 to 10.14, wherein the method includes the step of adding natural reinforcing material (31, 31.1, 51, 51.1, 61, 61.1, 71, 71.1) to one of: a) a layer of pulp as it exits or after it exits from a layer formation process or apparatus; or b) a tank 20, 20.1, 20.2 of pulp prior to it exiting from a layer formation process or apparatus; or c) a combination of a) and b). Additionally, the invention relates to paper products made by this process. The present invention also provides a multi-layered material 2.10, 2.10?, 2.10.1, 2.100 to 2.1600, and 100 to 1900, and a layer treatment of a layer or layers of a multilayered material, and a multilayered material which has had such a layer or layers treated by such a layer treatment.

Abstract: A formwork or construction element tube 1111, which is made from multiple layers of a multi-layered material 100, 200, 10, which includes at least two filament reinforcing layers. There can also be included at least one layer of paper, cardboard or polymer, the layers being bonded together. The present invention also provides a multi-layered material, which has a base layer of a filament layer 20 and a backing layer 15 or 25 to form a sheet material 10, 100, 200, which includes at least one non-woven filament strength or reinforcing layer, and a layer of paper, cardboard or polymer, the layers being bonded together.

Abstract: A concrete formwork liner comprising a flexible laminate material, said material including at least one sub-layer of paper bonded to a layer of plastic, wherein the plastic layer makes direct contact with the concrete.

Abstract: A tube having walls of multi-layer construction, wherein said multi-layer construction includes one or more sub-layers, each said sub-layer consisting of a woven polymer mesh disposed in between one or more outer layers of material selected from the group consisting of paper, poly-propylene and polyethylene, wherein said tube is formed by affixing said sub-layers to each other while said sub-layers are wound around a mandrel.

Abstract: A concrete formwork tube, said tube including: an internal lining; an external lining; and two or more complementary mould segments, adapted to be received between said external and internal lining; each mould segment having an inner face and an outer face; said mould segments, when assembled and substantially restrained by the external lining from relative movement, defining a moulding cavity open towards an upper and a lower end of the formwork; and at least one locking segment, said locking segment adapted to be disposed between two of said mould segments, thereby to tighten the fit of the assembled mould segments inside the external lining.

Abstract: A tube having walls of multi-layer construction, wherein said multi-layer construction includes one or more sub-layers, each said sub-layer consisting of a woven polymer mesh disposed in between one or more outer layers of material selected from the group consisting of paper, poly-propylene and polyethylene, wherein said tube is formed by affixing said sub-layers to each other whilst said sub-layers are wound around a mandrel.

Abstract: A novel tube material, and method of forming the tube, are described. The tube has an inner liner, preferably flexible, an intermediate layer of in situ molded expanding foam material, and a flexible outer liner. The tube is rigid, with the structural strength derived entirely from the intermediate layer. The preferred method of construction uses an inner core which is used to hold the inner liner in place during forming. The inner core includes a mechanism to reduce its diameter, to facilitate removal after curing of the foam.