Abstract: A method for measuring a fiber orientation degree includes: irradiating a sample formed of a composite material containing discontinuous carbon fibers with an X-ray to acquire an X-ray diffraction image; calculating an angle (2?)A of a peak originating from a crystal face of graphite; calculating a correction coefficient ? of a thickness of the sample; calculating an upper limit (2?)B of the peak of the crystal face of graphite; calculating a diffraction sensitivity IC(?) of the peak originating from the crystal face of graphite by correcting an integrating range with the correction coefficient ? and integrating the X-ray diffraction image with respect to a diffraction angle (2?); and calculating a fiber orientation degree Sd(?) by the method of Hermans from the diffraction sensitivity IC(?).

Abstract: A method for producing a preparation for fiber length measurement includes: a preliminary dispersion process of adding fibers and a dispersion medium with a viscosity of 500 Pa·s to 10,000 Pa·s to a sealable container so as to give a concentration of the fibers of 0.1% by mass or less and shaking the container to prepare a preliminary dispersion liquid; a dispensing process of dispensing part of the preliminary dispersion liquid to another sealable container; a dilution process of adding the dispersion medium to the dispensed preliminary dispersion liquid so as to give a concentration of the fibers of 0.005% by mass or less and shaking the container to prepare a dispersion liquid for measuring fiber length; and a casting process of spreading part of the dispersion liquid for measuring fiber length onto a base having light transparency.

Abstract: A method for producing a preparation for fiber length measurement includes: a preliminary dispersion process of adding fibers and a dispersion medium with a viscosity of 500 Pa·s to 10,000 Pa·s to a sealable container so as to give a concentration of the fibers of 0.1% by mass or less and shaking the container to prepare a preliminary dispersion liquid; a dispensing process of dispensing part of the preliminary dispersion liquid to another sealable container; a dilution process of adding the dispersion medium to the dispensed preliminary dispersion liquid so as to give a concentration of the fibers of 0.005% by mass or less and shaking the container to prepare a dispersion liquid for measuring fiber length; and a casting process of spreading part of the dispersion liquid for measuring fiber length onto a base having light transparency.

Abstract: A method for measuring a fiber orientation degree includes: irradiating a sample formed of a composite material containing discontinuous carbon fibers with an X-ray to acquire an X-ray diffraction image; calculating an angle (2?)A of a peak originating from a crystal face of graphite; calculating a correction coefficient ? of a thickness of the sample; calculating an upper limit (2?)B of the peak of the crystal face of graphite; calculating a diffraction sensitivity IC(?) of the peak originating from the crystal face of graphite by correcting an integrating range with the correction coefficient ? and integrating the X-ray diffraction image with respect to a diffraction angle (2?); and calculating a fiber orientation degree Sd(?) by the method of Hermans from the diffraction sensitivity IC(?).

Abstract: An amplifier and a semiconductor device according to the present invention are operated at a low voltage and decreased in size and problems such as a noise and an oscillation phenomenon. The amplifier and semiconductor device each includes a first bias generation circuit for generating first and second bias voltages when V1.gtoreq.V2, where V1 is the power supply voltage and V2 is the lower limit of the operation limiting voltage, and for outputting a zero potential when V1<V2, a first amplification circuit for amplifying an input signal by the first bias voltage and for opening an output terminal by the zero potential, a second amplification circuit of a push-pull type operated in response to the input signal and the output signal of the first amplification circuit, and a second bias generation circuit for supplying a bias current to the second amplification circuit by the zero potential when V2>V1.gtoreq.